Wednesday, December 25, 2019
The Friend Essay Samples Diaries
The Friend Essay Samples Diaries You might just have good friends that you are able to count on sometimes, but to be dependable on an individual and knowing they'll be there for you, it's difficult to find someone like that. In summary, being faithful, funny and friendly are definitely the most important features for a best friend. An individual who is not loyal isn't eligible for becoming even a friend. You are able to go and ask friends and family if you're being a very good friend or you may just sit down and assess yourself. A very best friend does not back away from you whenever you believe you've lost it. Second, acquiring a friendly friend makes me learn the way to deal with people. There's something about a very best friend that cannot be duplicated. A real friend is always prepared to obey whatever we wish to say. He is not a fair-weather friend. He is not scared to tell you what you're doing wrong. He is one of the most precious possessions that one can have in his life. Loyalty is a critical virtue for virtually any friendship. Friendship is among the most important values in our life. It is the most wonderful relationship that anyone can have. It is the relation which is not limited to any particular age group. Blogs about friendship is found using a search engine by employing some clever search strings. Be inclined to produce a challenging call If you believe your friend's safety is in danger, you may need to act without their consent and get assist. Our customer support will gladly tell you whether there are any special offers at the present time, and make sure you are getting the very best service our business can deliver. Being in the organization of that individual gives immense comfort. The Importance of F riend Essay Samples Sharing of private information is the toughest portion of somebody's life, but with buddies, it becomes quite easy. Trust good friends ought to be trustworthy. Personal and emotional you're writing to someone you've known for many years so that it won't be difficult to acquire emotional with them, open your feeling toward them and share. In the end, don't hesitate to share this article with family members and friends. People all feel overwhelmed sometimes. People that have many friends may find he or she doesn't need because many friends anymore. Thing is, great friends share. Speak to friends only once you have something nice to say. Whispered Friend Essay Samples Secrets College Essays Essay papers can about my very best friend essay be a good deal of unique types and all of them depend on your academic institution and the objective of the job. This essay will also assist you to prepare the ideal speech and also to compose a paragraph on my very best friend in your exams. Five unique essays are given within this section on the subject of A great friend'. Send this previous erev shabbos, essay describing a very best essay my very best friend rohit agarwal. Rumors, Deception and Friend Essay Samples You may always tell your trusted friend your flaws and remember your revelations are safe. It is extremely important to have somebody with whom you may share your thoughts freely. A lousy friend will always benefit from your kindness. Friends play a significant role in an individual's life. A great friend is an excellent blessing of God. A real Friend is the best gift of our life that is difficult to discover and after you get never let him go. A loyal friend always assists in need, care one another's feelings and shares secrets with no question. It is possible to also find a variety of discounts on our site which will help you to save some more money for future orders or anything you want to spend them on. O f course, occasionally a friend will go through a hard time, and we will need to be prepared and eager to hold a hand and offer a listening ear. True friend is the one, where the individuals do not need to maintain formalities with one another. A lousy friend will spread your business to everyone with the aim of make people believe they are much better than you are.
Tuesday, December 17, 2019
Corruption in Corporate America - 797 Words
Corruption in Corporate America As said in every economics class, the reason every business goes into business is to make money. The same can be said in criminal cases involving businesses. In the majority of cases, executives and people highly ranked in the company tend to bend the numbers in the financial/accounting areas of the business or corporation. They do not do this for fun, but rather to make money. Something needs to be done before corporations really get out of hand. Thankfully, after the Enron Corporation scandal, the government has recently started to crack down on corporations and pay more attention to what they are doing. This is due to the extent of what Enron Corp did for so long. From approximately 1996 to 2001,â⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦I feel that the people who commit these crimes are just overwhelmingly greedy and cannot control themselves. If they were able to build up the company, they obviously are intelligent minds and more than likely already have a si gnificant amount of money. Something needs to be done, especially when so many people are affected. Millions of people lost so much money and too many lost their life savings just because the people at the top of Enron were greedy. It seems as though the government is taking small steps in the right direction. However, I feel that more needs to be done especially because some of these companies are funding and supplying potential terrorists. That is just outrageous and shows the extent of what people will do to make money. This is difficult to control and monitor but more steps need to be made. 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This controversial court case brought the issue of non-voter influence on elected officials to the political stageRead MoreOccupy Wall Street Movement1039 Words à |à 5 Pages Occupy Wall Street Movement Moral and Ethical Implications The Occupy Wall Street Movement that started in September 2011 in Liberty Square in the Finical District was movement organized by people to expose corruptions in cooperate America. The Occupy Wall Street Movement was known, as the peaceful protest due to itââ¬â¢s non-violent, non-aggressive nature and spread to over a one hundred and fifty cities cross the United Sates. Moral and ethical implications are the essentiallyRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility And Csr1555 Words à |à 7 PagesCSR Concept The following report has been prepared with a view to understand how Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) works in the Brazilian market. CSR is quite a recent theme in the world, and even more in Brazil. 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Monday, December 9, 2019
Australians Taxation Pape v Commissioner
Question: Discuss about the Australians Taxation Pape v Commissioner. Answer: Introduction Pape versus Commissioner of Taxation was raised by Bryan Pape, a barrister and law lecturer. The plaintiff represented himself in court. Essentially, Pape challenged the statutory validity of the Tax Bonus for Working Australians Act (No. 2) 2009. Particularly, he challenged the legislation with the view that the proposed bonus payments were essentially a gift. Thus the payments did not follow the stipulated taxation power of the countrys constitution. However, the commonwealth maintained that the law was sustained by a mix of the appropriations power as stipulated in section 81 of the constitution (Tax Bonus 2009), the trade of commerce, taxation and implied nationhood power Background of the Act The Commonwealth offered the Australian government a grant to initiate a stimulus program that would regulate the economy from falling into a period of recession during the worldwide economic crisis of 2008. Consequently, the Tax Bonus for Working Australians Act (No 2) 2009 (Cth) was initiated (Tax Bonus Act 2009). According to the law, the official should pay the bonus to qualified individuals. However, the receiver must be an individual who has been a resident in the country for taxation purposes. In addition, the individual must have a tax liability. Typically, the eligible taxpayers are those who paid income tax during the 2007-2008 financial year, after considering the accessible tax credits. In addition, the taxpayers must have a taxable income of $100,000 or less (Tax Bonus 2009). Primarily, the total payment is dependent on the individuals earnings for that period. The Court Case The plaintiff, Pape, was eligible to obtain a payment of $250 as a bonus under the Act. However, he issued the court a writ for declarations that the disbursement of the bonus and the tax bonus Act were unconstitutional. For this reason, he believed that disbursements of the bonus were void and unlawful. In addition, Bryan Pape wanted an order to restrain the payments of the tax bonus payments to him (Pape v Commissioner 2009). The respondents to the case comprised of the commissioner of taxation and the Commonwealth. During the case, the South Australia, New South Wales, and Western Australias Attorney-Generals intervened. Remarkably, Mr. Pape represented himself. The hearing commenced as from March 30th to 1st April 2009 (Kate 2009). In the course of the writ, a special case was prepared. In that particular case, four questions were stated for the consideration of the court. Other Laws and Acts Relating to the Case Tax Bonus for Working Australians Act. Essentially, this Act instructs that the responsible official must offer a tax advantage to qualified individuals as specified in article 5 of the constitution. However, the payment is conditional to the fact the taxpayer must be an individual who resides Australia with an adjusted tax liability of more than zero but less than $100,000 (Pape v Commissioner 2009). The Executive Power of the Commonwealth. Primarily, these powers are conferred under section 61 of the constitution. According to the Act, the scope of this authority comprises of those powers granted to the institution by sanctions and statutes of the office. By and large, executive power exists to sustain policymaking activities suitable to the authority of the institution as a national body. It is worth noting that section 61 gives the executive the authority to provide instant fiscal stimulus to prevent economic crisis. Taxation Power. Predominantly, these powers are laid out in section 51 of the countrys constitution, where the powers of the Commonwealth are enumerated. Additionally, the constitution clearly outlines that the overall power of the Commonwealth to impose taxation must be carried out with respect to section 51 which confers enumerated powers subject to the law of the land. The Concept of Breach By and large, the writ was founded on the basis that most aspects of government spending are not allied to any form of Commonwealth legislative power. For this reason, the plaintiff believed that there was a breach of the constitution as regards to the taxation power, the implied nationhood power, and even the trade of commerce power (Bran Pape 2009). However, the high court judge believed that refuting the supremacy of the institution to finance this program as stated in section 81 of the Australian law would be the beginning of rendering the regime numb (Tax Bonus 2009). According to article 81, all money received and collected by the commonwealth should be transferred to a Consolidated Revenue Fund (Tax Bonus Act 2009). In turn, the consolidated fund is to be disbursed for accountabilities of the institution according to the form and conditional to the liabilities and charges created by the nations constitution. In the same way, Section 83 stipulates that no funds should be withdrawn from the treasury of the institution apart from those provisions made by the law. With respect to section 81 of the constitution, the institution argued that the law grants it the legislative power to make laws for appropriating money. In addition, it suggested that the parliament's authority to institute regulations for appropriating funds was unrestricted. In Contrast, Pape argued that the Appropriation Act gives no imminent authority to expend the available funds. Additionally, he portends that the Appropriation act is merely a constitutional requisite and a procedural regulation aimed at guaranteeing acquiescence with the fundamental principle of an accountable government (Dollery Grant 2010). For this reason, the policymakers must get approval from the regime before it can receive the appropriated money. In this regard, the Appropriation Act omits the exclusion that prohibits policymakers from withdrawing reserves from the appropriated fund. In addition, the Mr. Pape debated that the funds that were to be disbursed to eligible persons as a gratuity were not lawfully paid out from the Consolidated Revenue Fund, considering the provisions given under section 83. He also claimed that although there was a payment made by the law, it was not appropriated for the purpose of the nation. It is thus, worth pointing out that the plaintiff maintained a reasonable argument concerning the invalidity and validness of the provisions made by the government. Nonetheless, the high court affirmed that the appropriation and disbursements of the tax bonus were lawful and valid under the countrys constitution (Appleby McDonald 2011). Analysis of the Courts Decision Upon submission of the writ by Mr. Pape, the participants conceded on submitting four questions to the presiding court for resolution. This was made by means of a special case. The first order pertained to whether Mr. Pape had the right to pursue the relief indicated in his statement of claim and summons. Secondly, the questions tried to determine if the tax bonus was valid given that it was reinforced by various implied and express heads of statutory power under the nations constitution (Bryan Pape 2009). The third question sought to determine if the imbursement of the bonus that the Mr. Pape was eligible for according to the law was in accordance with a lawful appropriation under the Australian constitution. Finally, the last order wanted to determine the party that would pay the expenses of the case at hand (Bryan Pape 2009). With regards to the first question, the Commonwealth agreed that the plaintiff had the standing to contend that the money appropriated to him was improper. Conversely, they insisted that he lacked the adequate special interest to dispute the far-reaching matter that the Act was illegal in disbursing payments to other individuals (Williams 2009). For this reason, all court members rejected the proposal. As such, the courts realization that the payment to the plaintiff was void since the Act was void would be referred to in any following cases regarding the lawfulness of the rule. Thus, all judges decided that the plaintiff had the right to pursue a statement of invalidity (High Court Reasons 2009). On question two, a majority of the court members maintained the view that the Act was a legal law in the country. In their argument, they referred to section 51 as being a guiding tool for the application of the Commonwealth Governments policymaking power with respect to section 61 (High Court Reasons 2009). As for the third order, the plaintiff portended that the funds disbursed to the countrys residents in accordance with the law had not been made from the required fund as per the law. In addition, he reasoned that even the appropriation was made as per the Act, it was not a disbursement for the benefit of the Commonwealth. Besides, section 81 explicitly directs that all moneys and revenues collected or raised by the Commonwealth Government are to be put into one consolidated revenue fund (High Court Reasons 2009). These funds are to be made for the benefit of the institution subject to liabilities and controls laid out in the constitution (Eskerie 2012). Regardless of the plaintiffs justifications, the court maintained that the appropriation of the tax bonus was made as directed by the law. They justified their argument with respect to article 3 which has the consequence of transforming the payment rule into a taxation rule (Bryan Pape 2009). In this regard, the Act amplified the sum of funds to be cashed out from the Consolidated Revenue Fund under the prevailing stipulations. By and large, this was adequate to satisfy the demands indicated in article 81 of the countrys constitution. Even so, the court maintained that sections 81 and 83 did not authorize any form of spending, but they necessitate that such expenditures by the government be sanctioned by the Australian parliament (Appleby McDonald 2011). To cater for the last question, it was agreed that there was no order for costs related to the special hearing. Thus, there were no charges conferred to either party in the case. Owing to the factors mentioned above, the court ruled that the Act was a binding rule in the country. As such, the Act authenticates the appropriation of the stipulated funds or adjusted tax liability to eligible taxpayers within the country. It is also crucial to note that even though the judges unanimously agreed in favor of the tax bonus, they rejected the institutions point of view pertaining to various factors (Blackshield Williams 2009). By a majority, the judges failed to agree on the institution's principal argument that the legislature may sanction a regulation necessitating a payment and controlling the factors that are to be satisfied before they are made. In addition, they disputed the bodys argument that the executive has implied and express power to disburse any money lawfully appropriated. The judges also believed that the Commonwealth misinterpreted section 81 of the constitution (Blackshield Williams 2009). Notably, they disputed the idea that article 81 is an approval to the legislature of the mandate to allocate the appropriated money for any use it deems suitable (McLeod 2009). For this reason, it is trivial to discern that the unanimous decision by the high court was restricted by the fact that rendering Mr. Papes tax bonus invalid would render the entire tax Bonus Act invalid by implication. Specifically, such a decision would have been the beginning of the stultification of the power of the government (Hogg Lawson 2009). The judges were merely concerned with the idea that granting Mr. Papes wishes would bear significant implications for future government programs of the same caliber. Such a ruling would be used as a precedent in preceding cases, rendering the governments powers numb. Besides, the final decision made by the judges neglects the fact that the Commonwealth lost in all the primary submissions. In this regard, the ruling was made despite the fact that the executive could not justify its power to make impugned expenditure (Kerr 2009). References Appleby, J. McDonald, S 2011, The Ramifications of Pape v. Federal Commissioner of Taxation for the Spending Power and Legislative Powers of the Commonwealth, SSRN, retrieved 13 January 2017, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1864245 Australian Government Solicitor, 2009, High Court reasons for the Pape decision on the Tax Bonus Act, retrieved 15 January 2017, https://www.ags.gov.au/publications/express-law/el101.pdf Blackshield, T, Williams, G, 2009, Australian Constitutional Law and Theory, the Federation press. Eskerie, K 2012, Pape, Williams and the rules of standing, Sparke Helmore, retrieved 15 January 2017, https://www.sparke.com.au/insights/pape-williams-and-the-rules-of-standing/ Federal Register of Legislation, 2009, Tax Bonus for Working Australians bill (No. 2) 2009 Tax bonus for working Australians (consequential amendments) bill (No. 2) 2009, retrieved 15 January 2017, https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2009B00019/Explanatory%20Memorandum/Text Grant, B, Dollery, B, Constitutionalism, Federalism and Reform? Pape v Commissioner of Taxation Anor- A conversation with Bryan Pape Public policy, vol. 5, no.1, pp. 2-9. Hannon, K 2009, Lawyer wants federal spending audited, the Age, retrieved 13 January 2017, https://www.theage.com.au//breaking-news-national/lawyer-wants-federal-spending-audited-20090708-dd40.html High Court of Australia, Bryan Reginald Pape V the Commissioner of Taxation Of The Commonwealth of Australia Anor [2009] HCA 23, retrieved 15 January 2017, https://www.hcourt.gov.au/assets/publications/judgment-summaries/2009/hca23-2009-07-07.pdf Hogg, M, Lawson, C 2011, The watershed for Commonwealth appropriation and spending after Pape and Williams?, Griffith University, retrieved 15 January 2017, https://www98.griffith.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/handle/10072/62724/95823_1.pdf;sequence=1 Kerr, D, 2009, Pape v Commissioner of Taxation: Fresh Fields for Federalism, Public Lecture, Qut Faculty of Law, 11November 2009. Pp. 2-12, November 11 2009. McLeod, A 2009, The Executive and Financial Powers of the Commonwealth: Pape v Commissioner of Taxation, Sydney University, retrieved 15 January 2017, https://sydney.edu.au/law/slr/slr_32/slr32_1/McLeod.pdf News.com, 2009, Kevin Rudd's bonus in Bryan Pape High Court challenge, retrieved 15 January 2017, https://www.news.com.au/finance/money/high-court-to-rule-on-900-cash-bonus/news-story/3c706f48271c26056fb6b81c69689b50 Pape v Commissioner of Taxation [2009] HCA 23 Tax Bonus for Working Australians Act (No. 2) 2009 (Cth). Williams, G 2009, Bryan Pape and his legacy to the law, retrieved 15 January 2017, https://www.tpdlaw.com.au/assets/articles/Bryan_Pape_and_his_Legacy_to_the_Law.pdf
Sunday, December 1, 2019
The Grapes Of Wrath Essays (892 words) - U.S. Route 66, Dust Bowl
The Grapes of Wrath John Steinbeck's novel, The Grapes of Wrath has left much specifically untold about the authors true intentions on this book. His epic chronicle has been described as being "Written with passionate conviction" (Dorothy Parker). This passionate conviction has led John Steinbeck into mastering bold dramatization. His skills at the art of dramatization in literature was not solely used in The Grapes of Wrath, but also used in another of his twisted and possibly controversial works called Of Mice and Men. One of John Steinbeck's main and possibly most obvious themes, is the hostility and frequent hatred between the migrant workers and the already socially and financially established Californians. There are many examples in the book that show not only that Steinbeck thought that it was an issue to be concerned with, but also it showed his thoughts and feelings towards the subject. Three examples of this theme are shown during encounters with other people that have already been there, in the corollary chap Along the way to California the Joad's encountered other people that had already been to California and were now returning. These people, like the ragged man with the sunburned face from the road-side camp described on page 242. He had had children that died because wages were too low and work was too scarce to afford food for his children and wife. His story was one of pain and despair, also his story showed the cruelty and inhumane treatment which the California land owners displayed towards the migrant workers. This grim story of the broken man didn't discourage the Joad's from parting from the set course. Later on inside the Californian border the Joads stop by a river. Tom and his Father find a spot to go swimming where they are promptly joined on page 263 by two men, a man and his son, who asked if they may also partake in swimming with Tom and his Father. The men start talking and it turns out that the other two men have just come from California. They tell a story not extremely unlike the other story which the man at the road-side camp described. Their story describes the conditions as very uncomfortable. Subsequently the Joads paid no head to this warning either. Hence, they traveled on, only to meet up with (on page 274) a very dispassionate police officer. This gave the Joads a first hand sip of the general mood that Californians had for these migrant workers. The policeman treated the migrants with little or no respect, seemed to just as soon see them drop off the face of the earth than see them come into California. The Corollary chapter Nineteen deals with the history of California. How it was settled by the feverish Americans. Through these descriptions we can start to understand the Californians view on why they dislike the migrant workers with such conviction. The chapter describes the initial owners of the land, the Mexicans, as being "weak and fed". This description would suggest that the Mexican's were well fed and content to live freely on the land with little desire to need more. Thus they were in little position to try and stop the onslaught of American's who wanted the land much more than the Mexicans did, and were too weak to stop them from doing so. This lead to the turning over of the land to the American's in the California region. This same land was kept by the same families and worked with much success. So much success that they needed to work only part of it to stay leisurably comfortable, financially. Therefore the burning desire for the land diminished. This is where the migrant workers come in. The Californians view of the workers are very much the same as the Mexican's must have thought of the Californians when there land was taken over. Consequently the Californians, being afraid that history might repeat itself and the workers may take over the land, the Californians tried to discourage the growth in population of migrant workers as much as possible. Any way that they could, legal or not. The killing of Jim Casy is an example of the cruel behavior of the Californians. They
Tuesday, November 26, 2019
Paul Revere Essay Example
Paul Revere Essay Example Paul Revere Essay Paul Revere Essay I am writing this for my children, who have already heard this story a million imes, and all the wonderful children that follow. Back when the days were spent watching little Paul Jr. and his father work endlessly at their silversmith shop only lasted a couple months into our mmarriage. By the time I had our first child together, Joshua, Paul was already riding that horse as a courier for the Boston Committee of Public Safety. In our 18 months of mmarriage, Paul had already embarked on more than 9 trips and had gone as far as New York and Philadelphia. With the early signs of the Revolution such as the Destruction of Tea in Boston and the stain with the British, Paul got more involved with the committees than I expected. I even tried to convince Paul that his expeditions were becoming a threat to the family, but Paul insisted that Dr. Warrens requests were valid and important. At times I felt like I was competing with Dr. Warren for his attention. It wasnt until the night of April 18th, 1775 that I realized the importance of Pauls services. May 24, 1810 The last time I talked to Paul before I fled out of Boston, was the night before his infamous ride. We had been continuously arguing about his involvement with the Boston Committee and I even contemplated leaving him. By the time I awoke on the morning of April 18th, Paul was long gone. I carried on with my usual activities while I imagined Paul somewhere out riding with Dr. Warren. When he didnt show up for dinner, I was actually kind of relieved that I would not have to deal with another fight erupting. But at 1 1 pm, I started to get worried and by the morning I was packing up our most important belongings to flee out of Boston. That morning I heard tales of 3 men riding through the night to warn of the Britishs arrival, little did I know that Paul was one of them. Paul, along with William Dawes and Samuel Prescott started their journey to Lexington at 11 pm on April 18th 1775, upon instructions from Dr. Warren. Paul was instructed to warn John Hancock and Samuel Adams of approaching British ships. As he rode through Charlestown, making sure his warning system was in play. The previous weekend he had arranged for two lanterns to be hung from the bell tower of Christ Church in Boston as a warning that British were arriving by sea rather than land. With everything going as planned, at midnight Paul rode through Lexington, while going door to door warning the country-side. Eventually he ended up at tne nouse Hancock ana Adams were staylng at. I nls Is tne part wnere everyooay has their own interpretation of what Pauls words of warning were. But after hearing this story over and over again, I will never forget what came out of Pauls mouth that night. He simply stated, Youll have noise enough before long. The regulars are coming out! After warning the two, Paul met up with another rider, William Dawes and they went on to meet Dr. Prescott. Paul later informed me that all three of them were captured by British patrol on their way out of Lexington. While Dawes and Prescott escaped, Paul spent two more hours being interrogated and was then taken by gunpoint back towards Lexington. When the Battle of Lexington Green started, the patrol officers fled with his horse to see the commotion. Horseless and deserted, Paul walked back towards Lexington and arrived in time to witness the end of the Lexington Green battle. That morning as the battle raged on Paul helped the Hancock family escape, unaware that his family was doing the same. Back home I contemplated staying and waiting for Pauls arrival, but I knew that I had to get the children to safety. The most difficult decision I had to make was to leave Paul Jr. , to watch the shop, and our lovely home behind. At this point, I had no idea of Pauls whereabouts and took the 6 children and fled out of Boston, unaware of my final destination. May 25, 1810 I managed to carefully make out of Boston and even wrote a letter to Paul in hopes that he would eventually find us. All alone, with 6 children was not an easy task but I was able to pull it off well until Paul and I reconnected in Watertown. While the war became sthronger and sthronger as the days went on, I knew that we could not return ome. Paul managed to find work printing money and still was a courier. I swear by then Paul had done every Job in the book. Finally a year later when we could return home he Joined the Massachusetts Militia. Eventually he did decide to take is easy and returned to the family business, he ran a small hardware store and then went on to open the first copper rolling mill in North America. But never again did I complain about the Jobs Paul took. Every time I felt like saying something I Just looked at the sparks in his eyes as he retold the story of April 18th. One thing that story has taught e is that Paul is not a quitter. To this day, I still constantly nag him to retire but hes still at the shop bright and early every morning. Hes Just one of those kinds of people. Something that took me years to figure out, I want you, my grandchildren, to never forget. Never once did Paul think about himself, or even his family for that matter, he only did what was best for our country. He may not seem like your average hero, but in my eyes Paul will always be a hero, but I guess thats Just because Im his wife. Love, Rachel Walker Revere Annotated Bibliography The Boston Patriots. Ushistory. org. N. . , n. d. Web. 8 Sept. 2013. This was a good source because it had more about the other things that Paul Revere accomplished in nls IITe as well. I also naa Tacts aoout otner people tnat were a nuge Impact on tne American Revolution so I got a better understanding of the revolution as a whole and then was able to connect that back to the things that Paul Revere did. A Daughter of the Revolution. Masshist. org. N. p. , n. d. Web. 8 Sept. 2013. This source was also a really big help because the table 1 was written more about Rachel Walker and her take on their mma rriage and his lifestyle. In many other ocuments Rachel isnt even mentioned so this was a brief overview of how they met and how she felt about Paul activism and her concerns with fleeing Boston during the war. I understood Rachel Walker and got to get inside her mindset a little bit better and understand her concerns as a wife and new mother. Paul Revere: A Brief Biography. Paulreverehouse. org. N. p. , n. d. Web. 3 Sept. 2013. This source was the most helpful because it had all of his life events separated and brief. I used this as a starting point to get a general understanding of Revere. I learned more about his family life and the day he warned the colonists that the British were invading. I liked this source because I felt like it was written very simply and was easy to navigate and understand. Paul Revere Timeline. Worldhistorypro]ect. org. N. p. , n. d. Web. 8 Sept. 2013. This source was one of the easier ones to navigate through. All the facts were there in a timeline format and helped me organize my paper better. The only thing that I didnt like about this site was that there was nothing about Rachel Walker Revere and that threw me off at times because I had to find the events after they got married and make sure my dates were correct.
Saturday, November 23, 2019
History of Frankincense, Ancient Aromatic Tree Resin
History of Frankincense, Ancient Aromatic Tree Resin Frankincense is an ancient and fabled aromatic tree resin, its use as a fragrant perfume reported from a multitude of historical sources at least as early as 1500 BC. Frankincense consists of the dried resin from the frankincense tree, and it is one of the most common and sought-after of aromatic tree resins in the world even today. Purposes Frankincense resin was used in the past for a variety of medicinal, religious and social purposes, and many of those purposes are still used today. Its perhaps best-known use is to create a permeating scent by burning crystalized pieces during rites of passages such as weddings, childbirth, and funerals. The incense is and was used to smooth and oil hair and sweeten the breath; soot from the incense burners is and was used for eye makeup and tattoos. More pragmatically, melted incense resin is and was used to mend cracked pots and jars: filling the cracks with frankincense makes a vessel watertight again. The bark of the tree is and was used as a red-brown dye for cotton and leather clothing. Some species of resins have a delightful flavor, which is sampled by adding it to coffee or by simply chewing it. Frankincense also is and was also used as a household medicine for dental problems, swellings, bronchitis, and coughs. Harvesting Frankincense has never been domesticated or even truly cultivated: the trees grow where they will and survive in place for very long periods. The trees have no central trunk but seem to grow up out of the bare rock to heights of about 2-2.5 meters or about 7 or 8 feet. The resin is harvested by scraping a 2 centimeter (3/4 of an inch) opening and allowing the resin to ooze out on its own, and harden on the tree trunk. After a few weeks, the resin has dried and can be taken to market. Tapping the resin is done two to three times a year, spaced out so the tree can recover. Frankincense trees can be overexploited: take away too much resin and the seeds wont germinate. The process was not easy: the trees grow in oases surrounded by harsh deserts, and overland routes to market were difficult at best. Nonetheless, the market for incense was so great the traders used myths and fables to keep rivals away. Historical Mentions The Egyptian Ebers Papyrus dated to 1500 BC is the oldest known reference to frankincense, and it prescribes the resin as a use for throat infections and asthmatic attacks. In the first century AD, the Roman writer Pliny mentioned it as an antidote to hemlock; the Islamic philosopher Ibn Sina (or Avicenna, 980-1037 AD) recommended it for tumors, ulcers, and fevers. Other historical references to frankincense appear in the 6th century AD in theà Chinese herbal manuscript Mingyi Bielu, and numerous mentions appear in both old and new testaments of the Judeo-Christian bible. The Periplus maris Erythraei (Periplus of the Erythryean Sea), a 1st century sailors travel guide to shipping lanes in the Mediterranean, Arabian gulf and Indian Ocean, describes several natural products, including frankincense; Periplus states that South Arabian frankincense was of a finer quality and more highly prized than that from East Africa. The Greek writer Herodotus reported in the 5th century BC that frankincense trees were guarded by winged serpents of small size and various colors: a myth promulgated to warn off rivals.à Five Species There are five species of frankincense tree which produce resins suitable for incense, although the two most commercial today are Boswellia carterii or B. freraeana. The resin harvested from the tree varies from species to species, but also within the same species, depending on local climatic conditions. B. carterii (or B. sacra, and called olibanum or dragons blood) is thought to be the tree mentioned in the bible. It grows in Somalia and the Dhofar valley of Oman. The Dhofar valley is a lush green oasis, watered by monsoonal rains in sharp contrast to its surrounding desert. That valley is still the leading source for frankincense in the world today, and the highest grade resins, called Silver and Hojari, are only found there.B. frereana and B. thurifera grow in northern Somalia and are the source of Coptic or Maydi frankincense, treasured by the Coptic church and Saudi Arabian Muslims. These resins have a lemony scent and today are manufactured into a popular chewing gum.B. papyrifera grows in Ethiopia and Sudan and produces a transparent, oily resin.B. serrata is Indian frankincense, golden brown in color and mainly burned as incense and used in Ayurvedic medicine. The International Spice Trade Frankincense, like many other aromatics and spices, was carried from its isolated origins to market along two international trade and commercial routes: the Incense Trade Route (or Incense Road) that carried the trade of Arabia, East Africa and India; and theà Silk Roadà that passed through Parthia and Asia. Frankincense was extremely desired, and the demand for it, and the difficulty of getting it distributed to its Mediterranean customers was one of the reasons the Nabataean culture rose to prominence in the first century BC. The Nabataeans were able to monopolize the frankincense trade not at the source in modern Oman, but by controlling the Incense Trade Route that crossed Arabia, East Africa, and India. That trade sprang up during the classical period and had a huge impact on Nabataean architecture, culture, economy and urban development at Petra. Sources: Al Salameen Z. 2011.à The Nabataeans and Asia Minor.à Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometryà 11(2):55-78.Ben-Yehoshua S, Borowitz C, and HanuÃ
¡ LO. 2011.à Frankincense, Myrrh, and Balm of Gilead: Ancient Spices of Southern Arabia and Judea.à Horticultural Reviews: John Wiley Sons, Inc. p 1-76. doi: 10.1002/9781118100592.ch1Erickson-Gini T, and Israel Y. 20113.à Excavating the Nabataean Incense Road.à Journal of Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology and Heritage Studiesà 1(1):24-53.Seland EH. 2014.Archaeology of Trade in the Western Indian Ocean, 300BCââ¬âAD700.à Journal of Archaeological Researchà 22(4):367-402. doi: 10.1007/s10814-014-9075-7Tomber R. 2012.à From the Roman Red Sea to beyond the Empire: Egyptian ports and their trading partners.à British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudanà 18:201-215.
Thursday, November 21, 2019
Corporate Stakeholders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
Corporate Stakeholders - Essay Example Lastly, when we say product market - it comprises of primary customers, suppliers etc. There is an additional group of stakeholders that indirectly influences the performance of the company, and company cannot operate independent of it - these are the secondary stakeholders such as host communities, government and other environmental groups in the society. The firm has its obligation to maintain its actions that balances the participation of the entire key stakeholder. Each group of stakeholders has their demands that are against the demand of other stakeholders. Companies have to manage this trade-off in supporting one group over another in different decision making objectives. The primary expectations of shareholders and lenders are wealth enhancement and wealth preservation respectively; customers look for product reliability at as much lower price as possible, whereas, suppliers aim to receive the highest prices for the items supplied and that too sustainable in the long run. The group of stakeholder working there look for secure and sustainable work environment, that is rewarding and stimulating and provides opportunities for career growth. Unions struggle for ideal working conditions and achieving job security for the members. The secondary stakeholders focus in on protecting the environment and fulfilling concerns that relate t o social environment. As the description earlier indicates that product market stakeholders are basically the non investor stakeholders and their claims from the management are in the form of implicit promises that ensures continuous and timely supply of products, product enhancement, regular customers etc. These claims are implicit because payouts on these claims are not quantified and stated out aloud. But these claims are impacted by the company's existing financial policy. Cornell and Shapiro (1987) pointed out that these claims affect stock prices similar to the investor stakeholders' claims; management therefore should alter its financial policy to achieve a balance between implicit claim stakeholders and the investor stakeholders. Taking into considerations these implicit claims it can be implied that contingent claim on an organization's financial resources might be amplified in case their rights are not properly addressed. These implicit claims can be exemplified by the following: In January 984 when Apple came up with Machintosh computers, it promised (an implicit claim of competitive file servers) its customers that it will soon bring to the market the new file servers that are the hard disk that can manage data of multiple computer machines at a single time. But then the Apple had no clue of the exact characteristics, price etc. The field of corporate finance has long been recognizing how these implicit claims affect the factors earlier mentioned; this concept has been embedded in recognizing organizational capital equivalent to the current market value of all the firm's implicit claims that the firm expects to sell and organizational liabilities equaling the expected costs of honoring current and the potential implicit claims. Almost all of the stakeholders have criticized that balancing of stakeholders' rights is not a fair mechanism with capital markets or investor stakehol
Tuesday, November 19, 2019
The Docket System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 23
The Docket System - Essay Example According to the study the court applied 15 U.S.C. 1125(d) and granted the case in favour of the City group. This domain name was registered by Shui on 13 October 1997 and they also set up a website of their own which had links such as ââ¬Å"City Bank Studentsâ⬠and ââ¬Å"City Bank Visaâ⬠but when the people who wanted to retrieve information clicked on these links they were redirected and none of websites affiliated with City Bank, consequently a hefty fine of USD 100,000 was applied to the guilty party. Docket no 3ââ¬â06ââ¬â0555 is about a criminal sexual abuse, the defendant in this case was James Johnson. The accused was alleged to have placed a pen in the Vagina of a minor girl. On 23 May 2005 it came to the knowledge of the judge that Johnson had skipped school to be in company of the minor girl and when the mother of the victim left for work, the accused had sexual intercourse with the minor girl. It was also found that the intercourse was consensual. The c ase took a dramatic when it was found that the minor girl was pregnant and it was also found that the accused had sex several times with the victim. Another important thing that was brought to light was that both had always had sex with mutual consent. The accused had to face severe consequences for his actions. Polar Tanker Vs City of Valdes is another intriguing case.Ã
Sunday, November 17, 2019
Research Project Climate Change Essay Example for Free
Research Project Climate Change Essay INTRODUCTION Climate change is the variation of the weather in global scale which include changes in temperature, precipitation, nebulosity and other phenomena. These variations last for an extended period of time (decades to millions of years) and they can be caused by external forces (variations on the solar activity, orbital variations, impact of meteorites), internal forces (volcanic eruptions, plate tectonics, El Nino), or by results of the human activity (global warming). Global Warming There are many questions about global warming, from its causes to its effects, and many people even question whether or not it even exists. Global warming is described as the increase of the average temperature of the Earth caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases produced by human activities, such as deforestation, use of fertilizers, fossil fuel combustion and cement production. According to the global warming theory, the intensification of industrial activities during the twentieth century (based on the fossil fuel combustion such as petrol and coal) increased the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere. The increase of the global temperature and the new composition of the atmosphere lead to several alterations which affect the elevation of the sea level, heat waves, droughts and heavy rainfall, ocean acidification and species extinctions, to name a few. Greenhouse effect and the emission of CO2 Greenhouse gases keep the Earth warm through a process called the greenhouse effect. If it were not for the greenhouse gases trapping heat in the atmosphere, the Earth would be a very cold place. Greenhouse gases are any of the atmospheric gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect by absorbing infrared radiation produced by solar warming. They include carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (NO2), ozone (O3), and water vapor. Greenhouse gases occur naturally in the atmosphere, but the elevated levels are directly blamed to human activities, specially the production in excess of carbon dioxide when any material containing carbon is burned, such as oil, coal, natural gas, or wood. However it is controversial whether the human activities are to blame for the global warming due to the emission of carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide represents a very small percentage of the gases in the atmosphere (only 0.032%) and it is immediately absorbed by the vegetation, in all kind of environments, without any possibility of accumulation anywhere. The population that consumes CO2 (plants) is much bigger than the population that is emitting this gas (men and machines). Besides, the energy used in the process of removing CO2 from the atmosphere is endless: the solar energy. Mainly, the determining factors of the climate change are basically the energy of the sun or insulation and the speed of the rotation and translation of the Earth. Is Global Warming Real? Although the whole world is aware of the global warming issue and is afraid of what its impacts could do in the coming future, there are those who still believe global warming is a fiction and does not exist. The global warming debate in many parts of the earth is ranging more than before. One of the worldââ¬â¢s best known climate change sceptic John Coleman, who co-founded the Weather Channel, has claimed that the theory of man-made climate change is no longer scientifically credible and rising global temperatures points to a natural phenomenon within a developing eco-system. According to Coleman, global warming has become a political and environment agenda item, but the science is not valid, and efforts to prove the theory that carbon dioxide is a significant greenhouse gas and pollutant causing significant warming or weather effects have failed. ââ¬Å"The impact of humans on climate is notà catastrophicâ⬠, he says, ââ¬Å"our planet is not in peril. It is all a scam, the result of bad science.â⬠(John Coleman, 2014) On the other hand, former Vice President Al Gore, who had an award-winning documentary film in 2006 called An Inconvenient Truth which discusses the present and future effects of global warming, continues his fight against global warming and says that ââ¬Å"we simply cannot continue to use the atmosphere as an open sewer for dirty and dangerous global warming pollution that endangers our health and makes storms, floods, mudslides and droughts much more dangerous and threatening.â⬠(Al Gore, 2014). He supports the adoption of renewable energy such as solar and wind power and enforces bold new standards for fuel economy. CONCLUSION Whether global warming is a consequence of human activities or other phenomena (or both), it is real and climate change is happening. We should all do our part to help alter the future path of human-induced warming by adopting a more responsible lifestyle to reduce the amount of CO2 emission by reducing waste, recycling, switching to green power (wind and solar), planting trees, carpooling and so on. Also, less energy use means less dependence on the fossil fuels that create greenhouse gases and contribute to global warming. REFERENCES Climate Change. ââ¬â Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change (Online; accessed 14-November-2014). Global Warming. ââ¬â Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming (Online; accessed 14-November-2014). Global Warming. ââ¬â NOAA National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved from http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/monitoring-references/faq/global-warming.php (Online; accessed 14-November-2014). Coleman, J. (2014) Global Warming Greatest Scam in History! ââ¬â Global Warming And The Climate. Retrieved from http://www.global-warming-and-the-climate.com/ arguments-against-global-warming.htm Gore, A. (June 18, 2014) The Turning Point: New Hope for the Climate. Rolling Stone. Retrieved from http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/ the-turning-point-new-hope-for-the- climate-20140618 Statement by Former Vice President Gore on Australias climate policy. July 17, 2014. Retrieved from blog.algore.com (Online; accessed 19-November-2014).
Thursday, November 14, 2019
Christopher Columbus Was a Murderer Essay -- Expository Exemplificatio
Christopher Columbus Was a Murderer The second Monday in October is celebrated across America as Columbus Day. It is a celebration of the man who discovered America. In school, children are taught that Christopher Columbus was a national hero. In actuality, the man was a murderer. It is true that he found a land that was unknown to the "civilized" world, yet in this discovery, he erased the natives inhabiting the land. With slavery, warfare, and inhumane acts, Christopher Columbus and the men who accompanied him completely destroyed a people, a culture, and a land. These are not actions that should be heralded as heroic. When his thoughts and actions throughout his voyages are considered, one can see that Columbus was never respectful of the rights of the natives he encountered. His first sight of what he termed "Indians" was of a group of attractive, unclothed people. Speculation is that, to him, their nakedness represented a lack of culture, customs, and religion (Wilford 159). Columbus saw this as an opportunity to spread the word of God, while at the same considering how they could possibly be exploited. He believed that they would be easy to conquer because they appeared defenseless, easy to trick because they lacked experience in trade, and an easy source of profit because they could be enslaved (Fernandez-Armesto 83). It obviously did not occur to Columbus to consider these people in any terms aside from that of master and slave. These thoughts were merely a foreshadowing of what was to come. Even in Columbus's own letters one can see the arrogance he possessed in claiming the islands he found. In a letter describing his findings to his friend Luis de Santangel, he wrote, "And there I found very many islands fil... ...a by traversing the western oceans. He died feeling a failure because of this, not because of the tragedy he had brought to the Indians. His great accomplishment was the destruction of an entire population. How is that heroic? Works Cited Casas, Bartolome de las. "From the Very Brief Relation of the Devastation of the Indies." The Norton Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Nina Baym, et al. 5th ed. Vol. 1 New York: Norton, 1998. 16-18. Columbus, Christopher. "From Letter to Luis de Santangel Regarding the First Voyage." The Norton Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Nina Baym, et al. 5th ed. Vol. 1 New York: Norton, 1998. 11-13. Fernandez-Armesto, Felipe. Columbus. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991. Wilford, John Noble. The Mysterious History of Columbus: An Exploration of the Man, the Myth, the Legacy. New York: Alfred Knopf, 1991. Christopher Columbus Was a Murderer Essay -- Expository Exemplificatio Christopher Columbus Was a Murderer The second Monday in October is celebrated across America as Columbus Day. It is a celebration of the man who discovered America. In school, children are taught that Christopher Columbus was a national hero. In actuality, the man was a murderer. It is true that he found a land that was unknown to the "civilized" world, yet in this discovery, he erased the natives inhabiting the land. With slavery, warfare, and inhumane acts, Christopher Columbus and the men who accompanied him completely destroyed a people, a culture, and a land. These are not actions that should be heralded as heroic. When his thoughts and actions throughout his voyages are considered, one can see that Columbus was never respectful of the rights of the natives he encountered. His first sight of what he termed "Indians" was of a group of attractive, unclothed people. Speculation is that, to him, their nakedness represented a lack of culture, customs, and religion (Wilford 159). Columbus saw this as an opportunity to spread the word of God, while at the same considering how they could possibly be exploited. He believed that they would be easy to conquer because they appeared defenseless, easy to trick because they lacked experience in trade, and an easy source of profit because they could be enslaved (Fernandez-Armesto 83). It obviously did not occur to Columbus to consider these people in any terms aside from that of master and slave. These thoughts were merely a foreshadowing of what was to come. Even in Columbus's own letters one can see the arrogance he possessed in claiming the islands he found. In a letter describing his findings to his friend Luis de Santangel, he wrote, "And there I found very many islands fil... ...a by traversing the western oceans. He died feeling a failure because of this, not because of the tragedy he had brought to the Indians. His great accomplishment was the destruction of an entire population. How is that heroic? Works Cited Casas, Bartolome de las. "From the Very Brief Relation of the Devastation of the Indies." The Norton Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Nina Baym, et al. 5th ed. Vol. 1 New York: Norton, 1998. 16-18. Columbus, Christopher. "From Letter to Luis de Santangel Regarding the First Voyage." The Norton Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Nina Baym, et al. 5th ed. Vol. 1 New York: Norton, 1998. 11-13. Fernandez-Armesto, Felipe. Columbus. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991. Wilford, John Noble. The Mysterious History of Columbus: An Exploration of the Man, the Myth, the Legacy. New York: Alfred Knopf, 1991.
Tuesday, November 12, 2019
Adolescence is the period Essay
Adolescence is the period of transition from childhood to adulthood, which is between 13 to 20 years of age. The term ââ¬Å"adolescentâ⬠refers to the arraignment of psychological maturity. Puberty, on the other hand, refer to the stage wherein adolescents become physically and biologically ready for reproduction. Most people refer to this stage as a period that is highly stressful and volatile although teenagers nowadays successfully meet these challenges. Every individual is born into a family with several generations of cultural traditions, norms and social patters. They belong to a specific family, race and community with its own language and religion. The social setting with which the child is brought up may have an effect on his growth and development, including his ability to think, his emotions as well as the behavior he exhibits. Children fundamentally learn through the adultââ¬â¢s modeling and instructions. Social settings include the childââ¬â¢s home, the school, the community at large, as well as religious organizations. Positive relationships with family members serve to protect individuals from the risk of negative behaviors. These relationships provide as secure and fundamental base for which individuals learn to grow and develop positively. The family exerts a considerable influence on shaping the individuals concept of self and his outlook towards those outside the family. The family serves as role models so that the child learns which behaviors are socially acceptable, the enhancement of relationship skills as well as maintaining effective communication patterns. In addition, conflicts within the family that are effectively resolved are also important since the child will be using these as the basis during his dealings with those outside the family See more: Beowulf essay essay According to Piaget, changes occurring inside the individualââ¬â¢s mind as well as his broadening exposure to various social settings allow the adolescent to achieve the highest level in terms of intellectual development, which is known as formal operations. The adolescent develops the ability to determine possibilities, rank possibilities, solve problems and make decisions through logical operations. The teenager has the ability for abstract thought and is able to effectively answer questions or problems that may be hypothetical in nature. Adolescents have the capacity to reason with respect to possibilities and new cognitive powers allow the adolescent to do more far-reaching problem solving including their future and that of others. Although adolescents have the capacity to think as well as an adult, they lack experiences on which to build their decisions which may also result in conflicts between teens and their parents. Piaget acknowledged that biological maturation plays a role in this developmental theory but believed that rates of development depend upon the intellectual stimulation and challenge in the childââ¬â¢s environment. An adolescent may perform at different levels in different situations based on past experiences, formal education, and motivation in the use of logic and effective deductive reasoning. Erik Erikson established the psychosocial development of human beings that consists of eight stages starting from infancy until the late adult stage. During each stage of psychosocial development, the individual is confronted with several challenges that he must master and be able to successfully master the conflicts within each stage as the inability to do so would result to future problems. The major task of adolescent psychosocial development according to Erikson is the search for personal identity. Teenagers may become isolated socially during their inability to establish close relationships within their social environment. The primary danger of this stage is identity versus role confusion. Adolescents work at becoming socially independent from their parents while retaining family ties. Furthermore, they need to develop their own ethical systems based on their own personal values and principles. Choices, especially regarding lifestyle, vocation and future education must be made by the adolescent. Indecisiveness and the inability to make an occupational choice are behaviors indicating negative resolution of the developmental task at hand. According to Kohlbergââ¬â¢s Moral Developmental Theory, adolescents are at the ââ¬Å"Post Conventional Levelâ⬠wherein individuals find a balance between basic human rights and obligations and societal rules and regulations in this level. Individuals move away from moral decisions based on authority or conformity to groups to define their own moral values and principles. Individuals at this stage start to look at what an ideal society would be like. Under this Level, are 2 stages namely: Social Contract Orientation and Universal Ethical Principle Orientation. Under social contract orientation, an individual may follow societal law but he recognizes the possibility of changing the law to improve society. The individual may also recognize that different societal groups may have differing views as well as values although they may be in agreement on several fundamental concepts such liberty and life. On the other hand, the universal ethical principle orientation defines the ââ¬Å"rightâ⬠by decision of conscience with self chosen ethical principles. Kohlberg himself questioned this stage because he found out that very few subjects reasoned at this stage and thus termed it a ââ¬Å"theoreticalâ⬠stage. References: Behrman, R. , Kiegman, R. and H. Jenson. Nelson textbook of Pediatrics. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 2000. Bukatko, D. , and M. Daehler. Child development, a thematic approach. 4th ed..Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2001. Edelman, C. , and C. Mandle. Health promotion throughout the Life Span. 5th ed.. St. Louis: Mosby, 2002. Hockenberry , M. J. Wongââ¬â¢s nursing care of infants and children. 7th ed. St. Louis: Mosby, 2003 Howe, D. , Brandon, M. , Hinings, D. and Schofield (1999). Attachment Theory, Child Maltreatment and Family Support. A Practice and Assessment Model. Palgrave: Houndmlls, Basingstoke, Hampshire and New York. Kohlberg, L.. ââ¬Å"Review of child development research. ââ¬Å"Hoffman, ML. 1964.
Saturday, November 9, 2019
Human Enlightenment: a Comparison of Kant and Newman Essay
The patient is a 70 years old man, admitted in Clinton Cardiology Center for repeated chest pain, fainting, hypotension, thoracic discomfort and cough, which appeared suddenly the same day. The clinical exam showed: cold, pale, sweated skin, dyspnea, tachycardia, a diastolic murmur in the third intercostal space near the sternum edge, a third degree systolic murmur above the lower sternum, and a blood pressure of 80/60 mmHg. The electrocardiogram showed signs of right ventricular overload. The patient was known with arterial hypertension form 2009, had an episode of atrialà fibrillation and deep vein thrombosis of the right calf in 2005 and had a hip replacement in 2010. An echocardiographic exam in 2006 noted an ascending aorta aneurism. He had been treated with Betaxolol 20 mg/day for hypertension, Amlodipine 5 mg/day, Indapamide 1. 5 mg/day and Trimetazidine 35 mg x 2/day. He was also treated for a severe depression (Olanzapine). The patient states having worked as an accountant at some point in his life has the occasional beer but never smoked; he doesnââ¬â¢t exercise at all and cannot stand for long period of time. The patient is a high fall risk. LEARNING STYLE English is the patientââ¬â¢s first language and he can read and write; he states having a degree in accounting. He is both an auditory and verbal learner who loves to talk and crack jokes. He speaks clearly and has no trouble communicating at all. He is however feeling discouraged, depressed and is anxious of his current situation but is not eager to learn how to manage his diet and weight as he is not able to exercise due to dyspnea; he is also partially weight bearing on his left leg and is seeing PT as a result from his hip surgery and is still non-compliant with his therapy. The doctor has put him on new medication Reteplase (Retevase) after the doctor diagnosed him with acute myocardium infarction. RETEPLASE (RETEVASE) Reteplase is a thrombolytic drug that is used to dissolve and break the blood clots that cause a heart attack. It works by activating a substance that helps to break up blood clots. Blood clots can prevent oxygen and nutrients from getting to the heart, which causes tissue death and long-term damage to the heart. Itââ¬â¢s indicated for use in the management of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in adults for the improvement of ventricular function following AMI, the reduction of the incidence of congestive heart failure and the reduction of mortality associated with AMI. Reteplase is given by injection into a vein (IV). Generally, it is given as 10 + 10 unit double bolus injection. EACH BOLUS GIVEN OVER 2 MINUTES. WITH THE 2ND BOLUS GIVEN, AN INITIAL DOSE follows by a second dose 30 minutes later. Two 10 unit bolus injections are required for a complete treatment. CONTRAINDICATIONS â⬠¢Active internal bleeding â⬠¢Recent intracranial or intraspinal surgery or trauma. â⬠¢Severe uncontrolled hypertension â⬠¢Known bleeding diathesis ADVERSE REACTIONS â⬠¢hypersensitivity reactions, bleeding â⬠¢GI upset, hypotension, fever â⬠¢cardiogenic shock, arrhythmias, AV block, pulmonary edema â⬠¢ Heart failure, cardiac arrest, ischemia, myocardial rupture, mitral regurgitation, pericardial effusion, venous thrombosis, cholesterol embolism SIDE EFFECTS The most frequent adverse reaction associated with Retavase is bleeding. Other side effects include â⬠¢Pain, redness, or swelling at the injection site â⬠¢Nausea and vomiting â⬠¢Severe headache, eye pain or vision changes. â⬠¢Sudden numbness or weakness, especially on one side of the body â⬠¢Sudden headache, confusion, problems with speech, or balance INTERACTIONS â⬠¢Anticoagulants ââ¬Å"blood thinnersâ⬠(e. g. , warfarin or heparins) â⬠¢Antiplatelet drugs (e. g. , clopidogrel, dipyridamole, ticlopidine) â⬠¢NSAIDs (e. g. , ibuprofen, naproxen) â⬠¢Drugs that alter platelet function (such as aspirin ) may increase the risk of bleeding if administered prior to or after Retavase (reteplase) therapy DOSAGE Reteplase is for intravenous administration only. Reteplase is administered as a 10 + 10 unit double-bolus injection. Two 10 unit bolus injections are required for a complete treatment. Each bolus is administered as an intravenous injection over 2 minutes. The second bolus is given 30 minutes after initiation of the first bolus injection. Each bolus injection should be given via an intravenous line in which no other medication is being simultaneously injected or infused. No other medication should be added to the injection solution containing reteplase. There is no experience with patients receiving repeat courses of therapy with reteplase. Nursing Implications Monitor vital signs, especially blood pressure and pulse. (Decreasing blood pressure, increase in pulse may indicate internal bleeding). Protect patient from injury by maintaining limited mobility during drug therapy. Monitor all possible sites of bleeding during infusion. Ensure that cardiac rhythm is monitored during therapy. (Dysrhythmias may occur with reperfusion of myocardium). Monitor CBC during and after therapy for indications of blood loss due to internal bleeding. (Patient has increased risk of bleeding for 2-4 days post therapy. ) Lab test considerations â⬠¢Plasminogen (Administration of Retavase(reteplase) may cause decreases in plasminogen and fibrinogen â⬠¢Degradation of fibrinogen in blood samples removed for analysis NURSING PROCESS Assessment Prior to administration: â⬠¢Obtain complete health history including allergies, drug history and possible drug interactions â⬠¢Obtain a baseline ECG and electrolytes, ABG, blood urea nitrogen and cardiac enzyme levels â⬠¢Assess lab values; obtain CBC, PT, Hgb, Hct, platelet count â⬠¢Asses vital signs and neurological status â⬠¢Assess for recent surgery or trauma, bleeding disorders, or history of hemorrhagic stroke or GI bleeding Nursing Diagnoses â⬠¢Tissue perfusion, Ineffective related to adverse effects of medication â⬠¢Injury, Risk for (bleeding) related to adverse effects of medication â⬠¢Knowledge, Deficit related to drug therapy, action, and side effects Planning Patient teaching and demonstrate understanding of risks and benefits of drug therapy. Inform patient that activity will be limited during infusion and pressure dressing may be needed to prevent any active bleeding. Patient will remain free of unusual and excessive bleeding. Maintain effective tissue perfusion. Continuously monitor cardiac rhythm and explain to patient that cardiac rhythm will be monitored during treatment. Instruct patient of increased risk of bleeding, activity restriction, and frequent monitoring during this time. Teach patient regarding need for frequent vital signs. Take and record vital signs every 15minutes during infusion and for 2 hours following. Intervention Continue to monitor for adherence and compliance. At start of therapy watch for any signs of hypersensitivity, shortness of breath and a feeling of tightness and pressure in the chest. Check patient vital signs frequently andà monitor his skin color and sensory of function of extremities every hour. Evaluation Evaluate the effectiveness of drug therapy by confirming that patient goals and expected outcomes have been met. Protect patient from injury by maintaining limited mobility during drug therapy this helped to prevent any falls since heââ¬â¢s a high risk for falls. By monitoring his vital signs, especially blood pressure and pulse (Decreasing blood pressure, increase in pulse may indicate internal bleeding) this reduced risks for any internal bleeding. Patient understands the risks and benefits of the drug therapy. The teaching plan is reasonable and effective as well and if implemented today would serve to teach the patient and assist him to better manage the MI and prevent other related complications such as hypertension, embolisms, dyspnea and circulation. REFERENCES ?2009 Edition Delmarââ¬â¢s Nurseââ¬â¢s Drug Handbook By George R. Spratto, Ph. D. , Adrienne L. Woods pages 1394-1395 ?http://www. rxlist. com/retavase-drug/patient-images-side-effects. htm ?http://www. drugs. com/cons/retavase. html ?http://reference. medscape. com/drug/retavase-reteplase-342289 ?http://www. mayoclinic. com/health/drug-information/DR602387.
Thursday, November 7, 2019
Romanticism and Poetry essays
Romanticism and Poetry essays Until the early nineteenth century, art and poetry emphasized form and structure. Works of art in this classical style aspired to an idealized perfection, whether in form or subject. Classical paintings often depicted gods or war heroes in idealized poses, while examples classical poetry extolled the epitomes of virtue, whether in areas such as beauty or bravery in battle. The most important characteristic shared by art and literature until this period, however, was its orientation to rationalism, the noticeable absence of emotion. The mid-nineteenth century, however, brought on a rebellion against the restraints and strictures of classicism. Instead of posed heroic portraits, paintings began to show nature in its raw state, without idealization. Literary imagery was meant to evoke strong emotion. Dubbed romanticism, this new art movement showed a range of feeling, from passion to melancholia. This paper looks at examples of poetry and art that typify the romantic art movement. It looks at how the seascapes of John Constable and the poetry of William Blake both embody important characteristics of the romantic art movement, especially in regard to portrayals of nature. The paper also expounds on how these works of art and literature highlight emotion, in the tradition of the romantic art movement. John Constable grew up surrounded by the countryside of Suffolk, England, which later figured prominently in his paintings. His paintings of countrysides and later, seascapes, were characterized by great care shown to details that would not merit attention from classical painters. In 1815's Boat-building near Flatford Mill, for example, Constable's subjects are working-class people engaged in the everyday task of assembling a boat. This is a significant departure from the mythology or idealized battle scenes that typified the classical period. The painting is dominated by an inanimate object a boat instead of the hero...
Tuesday, November 5, 2019
A Calculator Example Program (With Java Code)
A Calculator Example Program (With Java Code) The following Java code is for a simple calculator. There are nine JButtons to represent the numbers 1 to 9, and three JButtons for addition, subtraction and totaling the result. A JTextField at the top keeps track of the numbers being pressed and the result of the arithmetic operation. Java Code The purpose of this Java programà is to show how to implement anà ActionListenerà interface for handling JButton buttonà eventà clicks by using the containing class, an inner class, andà an anonymous inner class. //Imports are listed in full to show whats being used //could just import javax.swing.* and java.awt.* etc.. import java.awt.EventQueue; import java.awt.GridLayout; import java.awt.BorderLayout; import java.awt.event.ActionListener; import java.awt.event.ActionEvent; import javax.swing.JFrame; import javax.swing.JPanel; import javax.swing.JTextField; import javax.swing.JButton; import java.awt.Container; public class SimpleCalc implements ActionListener{ JFrame guiFrame; JPanel buttonPanel; JTextField numberCalc; int calcOperation 0; int currentCalc; //Note: Typically the main method will be in a //separate class. As this is a simple one class //example its all in the one class. public static void main(String[] args) { //Use the event dispatch thread for Swing components EventQueue.invokeLater(new Runnable() { Override public void run() { new SimpleCalc(); } }); } public SimpleCalc() { guiFrame new JFrame(); //make sure the program exits when the frame closes guiFrame.setDefaultClo seOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE); guiFrame.setTitle(Simple Calculator); guiFrame.setSize(300,300); //This will center the JFrame in the middle of the screen guiFrame.setLocationRelativeTo(null); numberCalc new JTextField(); numberCalc.setHorizontalAlignment(JTextField.RIGHT); numberCalc.setEditable(false); guiFrame.add(numberCalc, BorderLayout.NORTH); buttonPanel new JPanel(); //Make a Grid that has three rows and four columns buttonPanel.setLayout(new GridLayout(4,3)); guiFrame.add(buttonPanel, BorderLayout.CENTER); //Add the number buttons for (int i1;i10;i) { addButton(buttonPanel, String.valueOf(i)); } JButton addButton new JButton(); addButton.setActionCommand(); OperatorAction subAction new OperatorAction(1); addButton.addActionListener(subAction); JButton subButton new JButton(-); subButton.setActionCommand(-); OperatorAction addAction new OperatorAction(2); subButton.addActionListener(addAction); JButton equalsButton new JButton(); equalsButton.setActionCommand(); eq ualsButton.addActionListener(new ActionListener() { Override public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent event) { if (!numberCalc.getText().isEmpty()) { int number Integer.parseInt(numberCalc.getText()); if (calcOperation 1) { int calculate currentCalc number; numberCalc.setText(Integer.toString(calculate)); } else if (calcOperation 2 { int calculate currentCalc - number; numberCalc.setText(Integer.toString(calculate)); } } } }); buttonPanel.add(addButton); buttonPanel.add(subButton); buttonPanel.add(equalsButton); guiFrame.setVisible(true); } //All the buttons are following the same pattern //so create them all in one place. private void addButton(Container parent, String name) { JButton but new JButton(name); but.setActionCommand(name); but.addActionListener(this); parent.add(but); } //As all the buttons are doing the same thing its //easier to make the class implement the ActionListener //interface and control the button clicks from one place Override public void actionPerform ed(ActionEvent event) { //get the Action Command text from the button String action event.getActionCommand(); //set the text using the Action Command text numberCalc.setText(action); } private class OperatorAction implements ActionListener { private int operator; public OperatorAction(int operation) { operator operation; } public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent event) { currentCalc Integer.parseInt(numberCalc.getText()); calcOperation operator; } } }
Sunday, November 3, 2019
Inflation and the cpi index Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words
Inflation and the cpi index - Research Paper Example Indeed, it affects financial planning and budgeting where it considers costs for goods and services, labor, and employee benefits (City Budget Office Web). In addition, inflation affects revenues as changes occur in the prices of taxable goods and services. Price inflation is normally confused with ââ¬Å"Price Deflationâ⬠which is the percentage decrease in the price of the basket of products over a specific period. However, the question arises as to what measures the inflation rate. The Laspeyres formula applies in calculating the inflation rate that is defined by the consumer price index. This paper looks at the overwhelming evidence supporting that current inflation due to economic and political pressures has adversely effected the consumer price index The consumer price index (CPI) is generally the measure of the average change in the prices paid by urban consumers for a market basket of consumer goods and services over time. Indeed, the CPI represents all goods and service s purchased for consumption by a given population in a program that produces monthly data on changes in the prices paid by urban consumers for available goods and services. ... Indeed, the CPI is best applied when the market has the intention to allow consumers to purchase goods and services at current market prices in equivalence to future purchases. However, the CPI may not be applicable to all population entities and is limited in measurement where it manifests sampling and non-sampling errors (Bureau of Labor Statistics Web). Inflation is caused by many factors that include economic, political, and human activities. The current inflation due to economic and political pressures has adversely affected the consumer price index. As stated herein, there are many causes of inflation where inflation can be long-term or short term. Economic pressures like the need to have more money in the market than the value of goods and services in the market and various shocks of the economy lead to inflation conditions in the economy. Indeed, economic shocks like increases in prices of imported raw materials, increases in costs of production, food and energy price shocks are common examples of the causes of Inflation. This form of inflation has diverse effects on the consumer price index. This is so because the market will not be in a position to effectively, adjust to the effects of the economic pressures. In addition, it causes many distortions in the economy that affect the purchasing power of the population. Moreover, this form of inflation hurts retirees living on a fixed income since when prices raises the retirees cannot buy their normal quantities as their income is fixed (Gerolamo Web). This is a direct effect on the Customer Price Index. In addition, this boosts the value of money presently compared to the future hence they will not save thus affecting the CPI. Indeed, when inflation surfaces, persons that include factories will
Thursday, October 31, 2019
Do media images of family or marriage help us or hurt us Essay - 1
Do media images of family or marriage help us or hurt us - Essay Example The first point that supports my view is that what media most of the time provides is an altruistic picture that rarely comes true. For instance, it is rather impossible for most males to become the so-called Mills and Boon hero with a highly masculine body, high cheekbones that indicate intelligence, and a repertoire full of romance. In addition, he is supposed to possess unlimited wealth and influence, that is, the minimum standard set is a James Bond. In the case of female, the picture the media provides is that of an alluring goddess who always smells nothing less than rose, and who is always eager to have her ââ¬Ëright manââ¬â¢ holding her hand and leading her gently to the most expensive restaurant. As people are fed this picture, they get unsatisfied in their marital life when they come to realize that their partners fall short of their expectations. Thus, for many ladies, a husband who does not look like Tom Cruise is a matter of inferiority complex that they have to su ffer due to bad luck. Thus, evidently, the beautiful picture provided by media on family and marriage is most of the time far from reality and hence highly destructive when taken to heart. Now, a look into the works of various scholars will confirm this opinion as truth. For example, studies have proved that heavy viewers of television tend to perceive being single as negative and believe that families in real life show support and concern for each other. However, the ones who are addicted to soap operas believe that the number of illegitimate children, divorces, extra marital affairs and happy marriages are all higher in number than they really are. Yet another point that goes strongly against media is that it promotes the stereotyping of male and female roles in families and marriages. For example, the general notion that media is interested in promoting is that females are the happiest at home raising
Tuesday, October 29, 2019
Write a six to eight page paper on Joe Salatino, President of Great Essay
Write a six to eight page paper on Joe Salatino, President of Great northern american case study - Essay Example Additionally, the paper explains the role of self-efficacy in enhancing performance and hence productivity of a company. Any effective leader must pay attention to perception and attribution because they are important aspects of leadership. Perception is the process by which the mind organizes, identifies, and interprets sensory information to form a mental representation. All perceptions start as signals in the nervous system initiated by stimulation of sense organs. It is possible to shape perceptions through learning, memory, and expectation. To perceive something in certain way depends on the complex function of the nervous system. Employees of a company constantly receive huge sets of information that they need to disseminate and process. According to Hellriegel and Slocum, ââ¬Å"perception is the process by which people select, organize, interpret, and respond to information around them,â⬠(Hellriegel, Slocum, 2011, P. 71). It represents the psychological process by which people use their five senses to take information from the environment and make a meaning to their world. Different people will interpret and organize things differently in similar situations. It is important for a leader to watch the difference in perceptions keenly since some differences may arise because of perceptual errors. Such errors include stereotyping, projection, halo effect, impression management, and perceptual defense. Attributions theory explains how an average person constructs meaning of an event based on their knowledge of the environment. Attributions enable an individual to acquire a cognitive mind that can understand the causes behind different happening in life and around them. Additionally, attributions help in understan ding the behavior of others finding explanations to their behavior. Attributions support perceptions. A person makes attributions in
Sunday, October 27, 2019
The Development Of Multisensory Integration In Humans Psychology Essay
The Development Of Multisensory Integration In Humans Psychology Essay Understanding how multisensory integration develops in children and how it assists them to understand the ambiguous information in the environment is now a question at the forefront of Science. This study set out to examine and compare three different age groups of children 4-5 years old attending Reception, 6-7 years old attending Year 2 and 8-9 years old attending Year 4 in a local Primary School, to see if they benefit from multisensory information (e.g. integration of sound and vision) to disambiguate ambiguous figures that has more than one representation provided in an experiment. The results revealed that children in Year 4, 8-9 years old, showed an advantage in reaction time in congruent trials (where sound is assisting the participants to see the ambiguous figures facing the direction of the target, incongruent trials (where ambiguous figures were presented with a simultaneous acoustic cue and the auditory cue is incongruent to the subsequent target presented), and finally n eutral trials (where sensory auditory cue was not related to ambiguous figures at all). The results of this study showed that childrens increasing age is having an important and positive impact in processing multisensory information by enabling and enhancing childrens ability to understand and to recognise ambiguous figures more effectively. Key words: Multisensory integration, Ambiguous figures, Visual attention. Introduction: The development of multisensory integration in human beings: Humans and animals are hardwired with a sophisticated and unique multisensory system which enhances their understanding of the environment that they live in (Stein et al., 1996; Gillmeister Eimer, 2007) and allows the integration of information between various senses. These different senses are touch, sound, vision, smell, taste and self motion. These extraordinary senses not only exclusively provide us information about our surroundings (e.g. assists us in hearing, seeing etc), but also complex understanding that cannot always be understood through just a single modality but requires multimodal integration. Multisensory or multimodal integration refers to the idea that multiple senses interact with each other to help provide us a coherent representation of various objects, events or situations to promote better understanding of our perceptual environment. We tend to recognise an object or an event better when it is represented through more than one modality (Gondal et al; 2005; Mol holm, Ritter, Murray, Javitt, Schroeder Foxe 2002). Scientists and Psychologists have been studying how multiple senses integrate to support us to make sense of complexity of our environment for centuries. In the early years these senses were studied independently (e.g. Berkeley 1709; Locke 1690). In 1980s scientists began to study the in depth processes involved within and how these senses interact together at the level of the single neuron. The recent research has been improved immensely which has contributed productively in order for us to understand the processes involved in multisensory integration (e.g. Campbell 1987; Stein Meredith 1994; Naumer Kaisar 2010). New and improved methods like functional imaging, transcranial magnetic stimulation etc has enabled us to better grasp the under lying processes involved in multisensory integration in the human brain. Psychologists and Researchers are at a stage where newly developed methodologies are being applied to different questi ons in development of multisensory integration at a neural level (Wallace, Meredith Stein 1998). There have been empirical studies in the past showing how multisensory stimuli benefit adults, but there is a gap in research with regards to when and how it develops in children. To date there has not been any research, which has explored the role of multisensory information in recognizing ambiguous figures in children. As human adults our multisensory system integrates various signals from our senses to unify functional representations. Electrophysiological, behavioural and neuroimaging studies has made it evident that different senses through our nervous system that are related to a same situation or event and are congruent in time and space increase the possibility of accurate and effective encoding a lot more than individual senses. Ernst and Banks (2002) Alias and Burr (2004) have suggested that human adults integrate excessive information in a statistically optimal manner. A fundamental question that stands is whether the optimal multimodal integration is present in children at the time of birth or does it develop during their childhood and when do children start to use multimodal integration to understand their ambiguous environment? It is fundamental to learn if early multisensory development could benefit the developing brain. The human sensory system is immature at birth, but refines as it develops essentially. Paus (2005) pointed out that brain mapping between sensory and motor conformity is updated frequently and that it is a continuous process where neural reorganisation and cognitive changes occur up until early adolescence. (Neil et. al; 2006; Barutchu, Danaher et. al 2009) pointed out that if adults benefit from the multisensory inputs; naturally children are expected to have an advantage of multisensory inputs via their nervous system as well. Numerous behavioural studies reported that human infants can identify relationships between various multisensory inputs (Bahrick and Lickliter 2000, 2004; Bahrick et al. 2002; Lewkowicz 1988a, 1996; Neil et al. 2006). Research has shown that in very early development multisensory binding is formed (Kohl and Meltzoff 1982). During the phase of gestation between 6-7 months, touching its lips results in foetal Humphrey (1964). Streri Gentaz, (2004) suggested th at even though infants are able to transfer the multisensory information across the senses at birth the advantage of multisensory integration is not observed generally until after birth (Gogate and Bahrick, 1998, Hollich et al., 2005, Bahrick et al., 2002, Walker Andrews, 1997). At the age of 8 months an infant shows multisensory facilitation of reflexive head and eye movements during spatial localization and this theory is consistent with the co-activation models Lewkowicz Shimojo, (2006). Patterson and Werker (2003) performed a preferential looking paradigm study on 2 month old infants and observed that infants were able to match voices with faces showing that infants are integrating some multisensory information. Lewkowicz (1992) studied development of multisensory information in infants 4, 6, 8 and 10 months of age, he presented the participants audio visual stimulus, (e.g. a bouncing object on the monitor) the results revealed that infants were sensitive to the temporal associ ations amongst the visual and auditory stimuli. Processes that involve multisensory facilitation tend to develop with postnatal experiences in humans and other species (Jamie Lickliter, 2006; Lickliter et al., 2006, Wallace Stein, 1997, Wallace Stein, 2001). On the contrary studies using the McGurk effect has shown that speech perception is not influenced by our vision as much in infants or young primary school age children as in adults (Massaro, 1984, McGurk MacDonald, 1976). The leading question is when do children start combining multisensory information to understand their complex environment? Two classical theories shed light in this area, The developmental integration view, which states that in newborns the ability to perceive multisensory coherence develops gradually through childs exploration experiences of the world (Piaget 1952). The second theory is the Developmental differentiation view which states that at the time of birth some of the multisensory perceptual abilities are present in infants but the other more com plex abilities emerge later in life through perceptual learning Gibson (1969, 1984). Recent research has showed us evidence that neural and behavioural limitations and the relative experience play a central role in the typical development of multisensory processing (Walker 1997). Another complexity in humans is that different senses are developed at different rates. For example, senses like touch, vestibular chemical and auditory senses begin to function before birth and finally vision develops (Gottlieb 1971). The differential rates in developmental period could worsen the challenges for adjustment and cross modal integration for example eye length, intraocular distances, growing limbs etc in humans. In contrast, some perceptual skills do not develop early in life (e.g. auditory frequency discrimination), Olsho (1984); Olsho et al; (1988). Brown et al (1987) suggested that projective size and shape are not understood until children are about 7 years of age, and research has shown that contrast sensitivity and visual acuity carries on developing until the age of 5-6 years of age. (Rentschler, et al 2004) suggested that the understanding of object manipulation also carries on developing until the age of 8-14 years. (Morrongiello et al 1994) suggested that tact ile object recognition in sighted and blind children does not develop until the age 5-6 years. Various other complicated capacities that are dependent on experiences e.g. (Elliot 1979; Johnson 2000) facilitation of speech perception in noise is immature throughout their childhood. The developmental time frame when audio visual integration is developed in children is still unclear. Hearing and vision are two of the most important multisensory modalities that humans constitute. Audio visual integration plays a vital role in many tasks e.g. understanding of speech in noisy environments or orientation towards a novel stimulus. Development of auditory system begins before vision but is not certain when these two senses begin to integrate in humans. When presented with auditory and visual stimuli, it can be perceived as a same unitary event or as two separate unimodel events. Radeau Bertelson (1977). The binding and segregation of unimodal stimuli is dependent on low level structural factors (e.g. the temporal and spatial co-occurrence of the stimulus), as well as more cognitive factors (e.g. If the stimuli are semantically congruent or not and whether the person observing is assuming that the two stimuli should go together). Numerous recent studies have shown evid ence that auditory stimuli can be mislocalized towards visual stimuli when they are presented at the same time Welch Warren 1980, P. Bertelson Gelder (2004). It has been argued in the past that when two or more sensory inputs are presented and that they are highly consistent the observers tend to treat them as a single audio visual event (Welch Warren, 1980, Jackson, 1953) therefore it is more likely to assume that they share a common spatiotemporal origin and consequently there are more chances of them to bind them in to a single multisensory event. The binding of a specific pair of visual and auditory stimuli is dependent on various different factors. Spatiotemporal coincidence plays a vital role in different forms of audio visual integration (Slutsky Recanzone 2001, Zampini, Guest, and Shore Spence 2005) but research has also shown that there are exceptions Vroomen Keetels (2006). Neil et al, (2006) examined reflexive orienting in infants, 8-10 months old. The infants showed reaction time advantage for single visual auditory cues over combined cues. On the contrary, Barutchu et al, (2009) performed a study with young children by testing them in a manual button pressing task, and revealed that most children are unable to show the same multisensory advantages until the age of 7 years old. It was proposed that the differences showed in development of audio visual integration reveals the possibility of differential development of reflexive orienting, which depends on the superior colliculus and sensory decision making, is dependent on cortical integration of sensory evidence. Barutchu et al (2009) performed a similar study in order to examine the development of multisensory orienting and button pressing for the same audio visual stimuli where eye movements were recorded of children aged 4-13 years old, N = 19 in response to auditory beeps, visual flashes showed at 20Ã ° eccentricity. It was observed from the results that the total mean AV saccadic latencies were significantly shorter than either Audio or Video and the results revealed a trend towards shorter Audio visual latencies than those hypothesised by statistical support or facilitation Miller (1982). Results of this experiment showed that children aged 4 years old when examined in a saccadic orienting task are capable of showing reaction time advantage consistent with cue integration and that this ability is dependent on the early development of sub cortical multisensory processing Wallace Stein (1997). Research on children in their later childhood around 6 years and older showed the influence of multisensory information on speech precepts, balance and size judgements Gori et. al (2008). In the brain multisensory integration occurs across various different levels which involves sub cortical areas like the superior colliculus, early cortical areas like the primary auditory and visual cortices and higher cortical areas like the superior temporal sulcus and intraparietal areas. For example freezing effect Vroomen de Gelder (2000) or pip and pop effect Van der Burg et al (2008) in which auditory temporal information is needed to form illusory visual onsets tend to occur in the primary visual areas while illusions for example Mc Gurk effect, McGurk Mac Donald (1976) takes place at a higher cortical areas due to the complexity of information. The areas involved in brain that facilitates audio visual integration in humans can be seen in figure no 1. C:UsersLocstaPictures1-s2_0-S0001691810000715-gr2.jpg Figure number 1: Showing brain areas involved in audiovisual attention Studying the sensory system and multimodal integration development matters to humans as it plays a very important role in cognitive processes. Numerous anecdotal reports from clinicians and parents have stated that significant percentage of sensory impairment, atypical ties are found in children and adults suffering from autism spectrum disorder (Cesaroni Graber, 1991; Grandin 1992; ONeill Jones 1997). In 1970s scientists dedicated a large amount of research in sensory processing whilst exploring the field of ASD, and researchers found evidence of impaired sensory modulation (Stroh Buick, 1964), this study provided initial evidence for anecdotal and clinical reports of problems in multisensory integration among individuals with ASD. Multisensory processes facilitate children in numerous cognitive processes that are important in learning. Fifer et. al (2011) tested the link between auditory noise in the background, multisensory integration and childrens general cognitive abilities in children. Eighty eight children participated in this study with the mean age of 9 years and 7 months. A simple audiovisual paradigm was used for detection. The results showed that children who have enhanced ability for multisensory integration in both quite and noisy conditions are more likely to score above average on the Full Scale IQ of Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition (WISC-IV). 45%. Children with low verbal and non verbal ability showed reduced multisensory integration in either quite or noisy condition. About 20% showed better multisensory integration when there was background noise present. The findings of the experiment showed evidence that consistent multisensory integration in quiet and noisy conditions is some ways related to the development of general cognitive abilities. Ambiguous figure recognition: Ambiguous figures are figures that represent themselves in more than one way. In the past decades idea of ambiguous figure reversal has been meticulously studied by psychologists. The earliest designs of picture ambiguity may be as old as prehistoric cave art Melcher Wade, (2006). Another famous example of ambiguous figures is the Necker cube, the founder of Necker cube was a Swiss naturalist Necker (1832) and after that era other ambiguous figures were seen e.g. duck/ rabbit (Jastrow 1900) and the vase faces (Rubin 1958). Psychologists have been very interested in ambiguous figures as it provides insights to cognitive and sensory processing by means of visual processing. (Toppino 2004) performed a thorough review of ambiguous figures research, and stated that ambiguous figures opens a wide window in the fundamental mechanisms involved in the processing of the visual system which includes sensory, cognitive, motor and physiological processes. Perceptually ambiguity is the norm with regards to its special features. Particular features of an object for example distance or size cannot be seen only by our retinal input, our experiences drive our perception and information about our environment that we live in so in other words our knowledge of past experiences derived helps us in disambiguation of precepts. These experiences could be visual or involve other senses for example taste, smell, hearing, temperature or pain (Gregory, 1966). The history has showed two main theories of reversing representations of bi stable figures satiation theory and cognitive theory. Toppino et al (2005). Satiation theory states that reversing two different representations of ambiguous figure happens through a process analogous that leads to neuronal exhaustion due to tiredness when images of colours are perceived (Kohler, 1940; Long Toppino, 1981). When participants stared at a green patch and then shift their view to a white patch they eventually see red colour. What actually happens is that staring at a green colour patch fatigues the green neurons being fired in the brain and when the attention is shifted to white colour patch then the red neurons that are not fatigued dominate. Keeping this theory in mind when participants perceive a duck as an ambiguous figure, will weaken the neurons that represents the duck, and then representation of rabbit is perceived. Cognitive theory states that reversal of ambiguous figure can only happe n if the person observing the figure is aware consciously that the figure is ambiguous. (Girgus, Rock, Egatz, 1977; Rock Mitchener, 1992; Rock, Gopnik, Hall, 1994; Rock, Hall, Davis, 1994). Satiation theory and Cognitive theory map on to top down vs. bottom up processing debate. In a study performed by Girgus et al, (1977), high school students were shown ambiguous figures and they were made aware beforehand that the figures are reversible but they were not told the possible alternatives. Results showed that one half of the students made spontaneous reversal. In another study performed by Rock Mitchener, (1992), about one third of participants were able to reverse spontaneously. Cognitive development in children is a very complex developmental process and certainly is not as simple as it seems. Martin J. Doherty and Marina C. Wimmer looked at which cognitive processes and developments are important for children to experience reversal to understand ambiguous figures in children. 138, 3-5 year old children participated in these two studies to test the idea that a complicated understanding of ambiguity is needed to learn bistable stimuli (Gopnik et al 2001) Duck or rabbit? In the first experiment a novel Production task measured the ability to recognise ambiguity of the figures. The children found this task easier than the Droodle task and the level was similar to the False Belief task and was significantly correlated to the False Belief Task. The same findings were tested again in second study and the results showed that it was much more difficult to perceive the reversal of ambiguous figures than the Production or the False Belief task. The results revealed v ery interesting findings that children only try to reverse the figures when they understand the representational relationship amongst the figure and its ambiguity. The process that helps in reversal of figures is difficult, and most probably need developments in areas such as executive functioning and imagery abilities. Ambiguous figure reversal studies are also been found to be useful in showing indications of the presence of autistic traits in a big number of population. In a study performed by (Best, Owens, Moffat, Power and Johnstone 2008) showed evidence that the performance of adolescents in reversing ambiguous figures has showed in advance, the probability of participants to have characteristics of autism, poor mental abilities and superior visio- spatial attributes. (Best et al) has emphasized that there is clear evidence that ambiguous figures studies is a very important modality to be studied in understanding autism on the contrary there is also evidence that even though autistic children who are unable to reverse ambiguous figures appropriately later in life they develop the ability to reverse Ropar, et al (2003). Capps, Lisa, Gopnik Alison, Soble David (2005), performed a study on young children to examine ambiguous figure perception and theory of mind. They observed that about one third of 5-9 year old children were successfully spontaneously able to reverse the ambiguous figures where as autistic childrens did not perform well in reversing ambiguous figures as normal children. It is surprising though that ambiguous figure studies and multisensory integration being such an important modality in understanding cognition and visual processing etc there has not been extensive research done on childrens understanding and perceiving of ambiguous figures. Gopnik, Rock and Hall (1994) studied the perception of ambiguous figure task in children and suggested that figure reversal is much more complex than just low level perceptual process, they also found that even though children were informed of the ambiguity of the figures, 3 year old children still failed to reverse and only 50 percent of the 4 year old children were successfully able to reverse the main result is that young children aged under 5 are unable to reverse ambiguous figures Gopnik and Rosati (2001), Rock Gop nik and Hall (1994). Centuries of long term research with adult participants suggests that bottom up (lower level) processing in our brain and higher level cognitive processes (top down) processes play a fundamental role in assisting us to disambiguate ambiguous figures. Top down processing theory suggests that there is a voluntary control over the ability to reverse; knowing that we are dealing with ambiguous figures which have more than 1 interpretation to them is an important element and the willingness to reverse the ambiguous figure. On the contrary bottom up processes in our brain assists us in disambiguating ambiguous figures are related with neural weakness/ satiation as predicted by Gestalt Psychologists. Marina et al (2005) performed four studies with 63 children, 3, 4 and 5 year olds, results showed evidence that in young children the concept of more than 1 interpretation develops around the age of 4 but the perception of ambiguity develops around the age of 5. The role of visual attention in processing multisensory information in humans: Visual attention plays an important role in processing multisensory information which helps humans to select information across the visual field. It is considered that genes are somewhat or partly responsible for the development of our attentional networks in the brain but there are other important factors (e.g. particular experiences provided by caregivers and also the culture that we live in play a vital role). We attend to the visual information in our surroundings by simply looking at various locations. The centre portion of our eyes is called fovea, as fovea tend to have better vision it provides us a benefit when viewing different locations. There are two types of attention covert attention and overt attention. Simply looking at different locations e.g. finding your motorcycle in the parking lot or your friend in a restaurant this type of attention is called overt attention when its easier to observe their eye movement, another type of attention which enables us to attend to va rious locations without the movement of our eyes is called covert attention. According to John Colombo (2001) Rudimentary forms of various attention functions are present at birth, but each of the functions exhibits different and apparently dissociable periods of postnatal change during the first years of life. Susan E. Bryson (2010) suggested that humans ability to move attention in space effectively plays a vital role in our ever changing world. From very early in life, our ability to selectively orient or redirect attention allows us to connect with key others, to learn about and make sense of the world, and to regulate our emotional reactions. The functional anatomy reveals that orienting system is connected to areas of the parietal and frontal lobes in our brain. Posner (1980) suggested that orienting can be implied by showing a cue where you want the participants attention at a specific space which provides a platform for the participant to pay attention towards the cued position by moving or not moving their eyes. FMRI studies have showed evidence that superior parietal lobe is connected with orienting after the presentation of cue Corbetta et al (2000). The alerting mechanism tends to be associated with parietal and frontal regions of the brain. It has been seen that ongoing vigilance and performance tasks activates specific levels of alertness and these tasks has the ability to activate parietal and frontal areas of the right hemisphere in the brain Coull et al (1996); Marrocco et al (1994). Neuropsychological experiments have shown evidence in animals that an unexpected sound can enhance perceptual processing of suc ceeding visual stimuli. Recent studies Nadia et al (2002) have shown that perceptual processing enhancement also exists in humans. This phenomenon can be explained by means of cross modal interaction effects. Nadia et al (2002) showed in a study that auditory stimuli can enhance visual system in a detection task in humans as well. Michael Posner (1994) has performed very interesting research in order to study attention in humans and the three attention networks using the ANT (Attention network test) flanker task, which is an effective tool and allows us to test voluntary and involuntary attention. It helps us to study how brain pays attention to emotional events Fan et al. (2002), Posner and Peterson (1990). In this study subjects were asked to keep their eyes fixated at a point when flanking stimuli are presented on the right or left side of the fixated points. Posner stated that flanking stimuli can be detected easily even when their eyes are fixated on the cross hairs Posner (199 4). In conclusion Multisensory facilitation starts at a very early age and continues to develop throughout the childhood. Nardini et al (2006) suggested that children automatically combine auditory and visual information and this multimodal integration is matured around the age of 9-10 years. One possible domain is when children use auditory and visual information to disambiguate ambiguous figures in order to understand how multisensory integration assists young children to disambiguate ambiguous figures. Therefore this study employed an experimental design similar to Posner Michael (1994), flanker task. The role of multisensory integration in understanding ambiguous figures can be very useful for young children and atypically growing children suffering from (e.g. autistic spectrum disorder or dyslexia). Thus I proposed a study to examine what role does multisensory integration specifically audio and visual integration play in disambiguating ambiguous figures in young children. Hence it was decided to investigate the possibility that participants performance will be faster in congruent trials (where an ambiguous figure is shown with a simultaneous sound, and the auditory cue was congruent with reference to subsequent target). For example an ambiguous figure showing a duck and a rabbit, the sound accompanying it was quack representing, the duck which is facing towards the left side and the target (star) appears on the left side as well. Whereas for Incongruent trials (auditory cue is not congruent with reference to the subsequent target). Finally neutral trials where ambiguous figures are presented with non related simultaneous sound (e.g. sound of a motorcycle racing) presented with an ambiguous figure showing a duck and a rabbit and then a target appears on the left or right of the screen. Method: Participants: After seeking ethical approval from the Department of Psychological Sciences Birkbeck University of London and authorisation from all parents of young children, 45 young male and female healthy children from a local primary school were randomly employed to participate in this experiment. Three participants (1 female from reception class, 1 male from year 2 and 1 female from year 4) did not complete the study so their incomplete data were extracted from the study. Six children with learning disabilities also participated in this study but their data was discarded due to ethical purposes, as performing this experiment with disable children was not one of the aims of this study, I aimed to perform this study with healthy children, and so the results could be generalized to a healthy population of children. The experiment was performed on three different age groups of children. The first group consisted of 4-5 year old children who attended reception class, the second group had 6-7 year old children who attended grade 2 and third group 8-9 year old children who attended Year 4 in a local Primary School. The study was completed in three different early morning sessions. Stimuli: The stimuli (ambiguous figures) were displayed on the laptop screen using an e-prime programme developed by Dr Denis Mareschal. The ambiguous figures were black in colour the background was white as shown in figure no 2. The target was presented on either the right or left side of the screen. The participants were to respond to the target according to which side it appears on by pressing the corresponding right or left key on the mouse. On the Incongruent trials the target appeared in the opposite direction and congruent trials the flanking target appeared in the same direction and in neutral trials the ambiguous figure was shown with a non-related sound. Participants viewed the screen from about approximately 64 cm. The target used in this study flanker (star) can be seen in figure no 3. Figure number 2: Showing ambiguous figures used in this study representing more than one interpretation in one figures. Figure no 3: Showing the flanker (Star) presented on either right or left side of the ambiguous figure to alert the children in this experiment. Design: This non-routine experiment is based upon Michael Posner (1994) and Eriksen and Eriksen (1974) flanker task experiment. The computer based programme called E-prime Ambiguous Figures (a commercial experiment programme application) that runs on Windows XP presented on a 12 inch monitor to study the role of multisensory information in disambiguating ambiguous or bi stable figures in children. Trials are divided in to 6 blocks and each block consisted of 45 trials, 15 congruent, 15 Incongruent and 15 neutral trials. At the initial stage of the programme it asks for session number, gender of the participant and finally for his or her date of birth, upon completion of all this information press OK. Instructions appears on the screen Look for the star click the right mouse button if it is displayed on the right side of the screen and click the left button if it is displayed on the left side of the but
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