Comparison Between Chinese and American Food Culture

Lee Hiu founding Instructor Wynn ESLG 1001 29 November 2012 Comparison of Chinese and Western Food ending Food is closely related to spates lives and it is considered the nearly important element in Chinese culture. Chinese feed is famous all over the world too. Ameri crapper Chinese culinary art differs signifi tooshietly from the tralatitious Chinese cuisine and even though the variation in taste can be so it is still attractive to umteen citizenry. When it comes to fare, Chinese people endlessly c atomic number 18 about the color, taste, smell and shape of Chinese mete outes.In 1784, a conclave of passengers on the ship Empress of chinawargon became the first Americans to land in China and they were also the first group of people to eat Chinese food it was the first time the American palate encountered eastern cuisine(Coe 45). There ar many differences in food culture between China and the coupled States. Strong differences exist regarding grooming methods, ingre dients, desserts and cutlery. There atomic number 18 many homework methods in Chinese food and it may be confusing by terms such as saute, marinade, stir-fry and deep-fry especially for someone tender to Chinese food (Travel China Guide).Boiling is the most customaryalty form of Chinese cooking Chinese boiling means cooking food in boiling water. It wastes fuel. It does not cook the food any faster and it tends to gather in the food break up and so spoils the appearance. Frying is divided into deep-frying, slippery-frying, quick-frying, and several(prenominal) types of stir-frying this method primarily deals with vegetables. One cooking method that American dishes seldom mapping is steaming. It is a kind of slow process and time consuming.Chinese cooking debatelings two methods of steaming, which argon basic steaming(zheng) and placing one tightly-closed pot inside a larger pot(steaming dun) (Lee 3). The product is usually very soft because the pot is half-immersed in boili ng water for two to trinity hours. One of the famous traditional Chinese foods is Chinese strain dumplings and it is made of glutinous r grump stuffed with different fillings and wrapped in bamboo leaves. On the early(a) hand, the cooking methods in American cuisine were affected by the European countries (Cuban Cuisine, 1).Grilling meats and spit roast over a pit fire are both common even today. Americans use barbecue smokers to cook chicken, pork and corn. Frying is the most common in Western countries because almost every famous dish is related to frying. Examples include deep-fried chicken, French fries, burgers and fries, etc. Local families in America like to do baking, which is generally applied to breads, lasagna, manicotti, pastries and some other perfumed confections. There is a big difference between Chinese and American cooking methods. One is mainly concentrated on the color, smell and shape.The other is always speedy, convenient and cheap. Secondly, the ingredient s in Chinese and American food are different. Chinese cuisine involves rice, flour, beans, and vegetables. American cuisine is relatively simple and mainly includes meat, bread and vegetables. For the Chinese one, most dishes include rice, because it is the main crop of many Asian countries and is used in almost every capacity. Not merely steamed rice, barely rice paper and noodles can be include in a meal. Second, tofu is often used in vegetarian meals, because it is mellowed in protein.It is used heavily in regions with a tradition of Buddhism. Third, sauces are important to flavor rice and stir-fry. Soy sauce, oyster sauce, black bean sauce, and fish sauces are easy to keep on hand (Yang 3). sift is a major(ip) staple food for people from rice husbandry areas in southern China and Chinese people always use rice to produce by-products like vinegars and wines (Mashpedia, 3). Noodles are important to Chinese people too and they usually come dry or fresh in a variety of sizes, shapes and textures and are often served in soups or fried as toppings.Some varieties such asShou Mian are literally noodles of longevity, are emblematical of long life and good health according to Chinese tradition. Noodles can be served hot or cerstwhile(a) with different toppings and broth. On the other hand, a part of the American food is based on traditional German dishes such as hot dogs and hamburgers (Wynn 3). Pre-packaged American meals tend to be high in carbohydrates, fat, sodium, and various preservatives. However, they also tend to be vitamin fortified.Examples of pre-packed American meals include variouscasseroletype dishes such asHamburger Helper, as well as bakeable and microwaveable foods such asHot Pockets, set pizzas, frozen burritos, and various types ofTV dinnermeals (Cuisine of the United States Research Materials, 3). About the desserts in these two countries, Chinese desserts are lovable foods and dishes that are served withtea, along with meals or at the end of meals in Chinese cuisine. Chinese candies and sweets, calledtangare usually made with cane sugar, malt sugar, honey, nuts and fruit.Gao or Guoare rice based snacks that are typically steamedand may be made from glutinous or normal rice. Ice creamis usually available throughout China. Another cold dessert is calledbaobing, which isshaved icewith sweet syrup. Chinese jellies are known collectively in the address asices. Many jelly desserts are traditionally set with agar-agar and are flavored with fruits, thoughgelatinbased jellies are also common in contemporary desserts (Zickler 5). Chinese dessert soups typically consist of sweet and usually hot soupsand custards.For the American desserts, there are a wide-cut variety of choices like cakes, cookies, biscuits, gelatins and pastries and most of them are considered as sweet and greasy. known ones like apple pies, cupcakes, caramels and chocolate brownies are customary desserts for Americans compared with Chinese as they vi ewed it as a part of the meal. Lastly, the cutleries that are used in Chinese and American food are different also. Chinese people use chopsticks to eat food. Americans use knives and forks to do dining.Chopsticks convey the archetype of harmony in Chinese culture (The Cross- cultural Rhetoric Blog). In superannuated written Chinese, the character for chopsticks was ?. Although ? may have been widely used in ancient spoken Chinese, its use was eventually replaced by the pronunciation for the character ? content quick. The original character, though still commonly used in writing, is rarely used in modern spoken Chinese languages, which maintains the old usage. Knives and forks are kind of promoting the independence, freedom and violence.Due to its role as humankinds first tool, authentic cultures have attached spiritual and religious significance to the knife. It has impact of the concept of peoples lives knife and fork will necessarily bring about alimentation apart and chopst icks share dinner with the family members gather around a table. The major items of cutlery in theWestern worldare theknife,forkandspoon. In recent times, utensils have been made combining the functionality of pairs of cutlery, including thespork(spoon / fork),spife(spoon / knife), andknork(knife / fork) or thesporfwhich is all three (Attards, 2).Actually, chopsticks are commonly used in Chinese, Japanese and Korean dishes but it is generally believed to have originated in ancient China. To conclude, there are a number of differences between Chinese and American food culture and they are a part of human civilization. It is great for everyone to know the food that people would like to eat, cooking method and also ingredients between two countries. yet if there are some differences between Chinese food and Western-style food, they can still get along harmoniously. For example Chinese food of U. S. A. s worthy for Americans taste, because through Americans improvement similarly, the Western-style food of China is more suitable for Chinese taste, because through the Chinese improvement. There is a folk truism in China If want to curtail your heart, I will conquer your stomach first. It can clearly show the importance of food in Chinese culture. Works Cited Helen Wang. Cooking Methods in Chinese Cuisine. Chinese Cooking Tips. Chinese Food DIY Fall 2009. Web. Nov. 17 2012 Giblin, James Cross. From hand to mouth How we invented knives, forks, spoons and chopsticks, & the manners to go with them.New York Crowell, 1987. gull Knoblauch, Mark. Chop Suey A Cultural History Of Chinese Food In The United States. Booklist 106. 1 22, 2009. Print Lv, Nan, and J Lynne Brown. Chinese American Family Food Systems Impact Of Western Influences. daybook Of Nutrition Education And Behavior 42. 2 106-114, 2010. Print Richard Pillsbury. No strange Food The American Diet in Time and Place, Westview Press, 1998. Print prick Zickler. Askives. What is common Chinese desserts Web, N ov. 16, 2012

Resistance to British Nationalism

Since the French Revolution, the estimation of self-determination has expand alone around the world, unifying muckles inside nations, outset new revolutions, erasing empires, freeing colonies and scaring modern states. There argon few models explaining the branch of nationalism and the definitions of this pheno manpoweron vary from an author to an early(a). Anthony D. Smith says it is an ideological movement aiming at reaching self-determination and emancipation in the name of a nation.He besides says that humanity is natu chew up divided into nations. unless this concept is earlier revealing the flag-waving(a) way of thinking beca example a quick construction in the past is enough to show that the independence process is not instinctive. M both writers handle Boyd Shafer and Louis Snyder have studied the subject since World contend I in order to explain the subject scarce as says Arthur Waldron enclosing nationalism in a theory has proved to be a difficult task.An his torical case of the nationalism problem is the nationalist movement in India. Indians celebrated 50 years of independence from British rule in August 1997. The end of the empire in India was a massive blow to British imperialism.This term paper first studies the steps of the westward intrusion into India and then tries to describe how the Indian nationalism was born.When the European community began to expand in India, a new way of livelihood entered cities. It was copied by the indigenous the great unwashed who were seduced by western techniques. Occidental education was the main vector of acculturation since young Indians were very receptive to the European message. So the new Indian generation quickly became nationalist, favor ableist, and democrat.Masters like Cavour or Mazzini were the new heroes for the young students. That is why the British government disallow the study of British annals of the XIXth century in Indian schools. But it was already too late. The process could not be stopped at that stage. Indians had acquired a fall in knowledge of European culture and it was not authoritative without critique. European authors who were keen on criticizing Europe Tolstoi, for example influenced India.So it seems that the establishment of western ideas and their critiques contri furthered to the emergence of nationalism. The initiation of the indigenous elite to Western memorial would have lay outed their call for for independence, following a nationalist scheme catching by occidental education. A complex of inferiority began to spread among Indians, generally because of the British racist attitude. Europeans were neglecting the Indian society. From the 1830s, racist movements began to base British hoi polloi feel superior. They considered Indians as physically and morally challenged. This inferiority was attested by the failure of traditional revolts like the Mutiny in 1857. Tara Chand1 says that Indians were impressed by the evident su periority of their colons in war, in governing, and in industry.Indians postulateed their plain to rank among the big nations, policy-makingly and industrially. From the 1870s, they became aware of their prestigious past and politicians began to use that argument in their speeches. Those same politicians also used religious festivities to spread their nationalist message. The getd elite could do better than the Congress by using the religious field. Political turnivities could then enter the smallest village thank to religion. This tactic allowed leaders to unify a rising population. Mother India was born.1Chand, Tara. Hi theme of the dethawdom Movement in India.a. The easterly India Company and the Conquest of IndiaThe intentions of the merchants who sorting the East India Company and those of Queen Elizabeth I were rarely matched by the outcome. The jeopardy failed to hit its stated objectives it do little impression on the Dutch control of the spice trade and could n ot establish a permanent outpost in the East Indies in the early years and barely succeeded beyond measure in establishing military dominance and a political empire for Britain in India.By the middle of the seventeenth century the East India Company could be found duty alongside Indian merchants in the East, and the Company shipped goods as diverse as cloth from southern India to Sumatra, and chocolate from Arabia to India. Profits thus generated were ploughed clog up into purchase the spices required back base. Gradually the Company built up its power base in India, opening up trading posts in Madras and Calcutta, and thwarted French attempts to emulate it thither. From these secure foundations it was able to seek out new markets and sources for trading products.As European interest in the East Indies increased, so the Company modify native designs and products to lawsuit Western tastes the growth of the Kashmir shawl industry, and the development of the design that has wrick known as Paisley being one such example.The process of territorial reserve reserve expansion that started with the annexation of Bengal, the private trade which enabled merchants in the Companys service to make fortunes on the side, coupled with a high level of corruption, meant that more than and more men sought their fortunes in India.The early lifestyle of the merchant merchant-venturer in the Companys trading posts gave way to a more conventional society, with its clubs, churches and well-disposed functions. The accoutrements of civilized life had to be imported from England, and many were adapted to suit the new circumstances. Wicker picnic hampers and tonic water all evolved from the ask imposed by the harsh Indian climate. Hugely wealthy men returning from Company service to England attracted much envy as they bought up country houses and seats in Parliament, and many of these nabobs kept the habits they had learnt in India.By the early nineteenth century the East India Companys writ extended crossways close to of India.In 1773 the British government took over some debt instrument for ruling British India. The Regulating Act set up a governor-general and council nominated partly by the East India Company and partly by the government. It was an act for establishing certain regulations for the better management of the affairs of the East India Company, as well in India as in Europe. Here is the beginning of it1Whereas the some(prenominal) powers and authorities granted by charters to the united company of merchants in England trading to the East Indies have been found, by experience, not to have sufficient line and efficacy to preserve various abuses which have prevailed in the government and administration of the affairs of the verbalise united company, as well at home as in India, to the manifest injury of the public credit, and of the commercial interests of the utter company and it is therefore become highly expedient that certain pull ahead regulations, better adapted to their present circumstances and condition, should be provided and established And, for the better management of the said united companys affairs in India, be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That, for the government of the presidency of arm William in Bengal, there shall be appointed a governor-general, and four counselors and that the whole civil and military government of the said presidency, and also the ordering, management and government of all the territorial acquisitions and revenues in the kingdoms of Bengal, Bahar, and Orissa, shall, during such time as the territorial acquisitions and revenues shall remain in the possession of the said united company, be, and are hereby vested in the said governor-general and council of the said presidency of Fort William in Bengal, in like manner, to all intents and purposes whatsoever as the same now are, or at any time heretofore might have been exercised by the president and co uncil, or select committee, in the said kingdoms.c. Clash of Cultures and the Reasons of the ConflictThere are three reasons for the Indian conflict the religious conflict mingled with Hindis and Moslems the social conflict about the Un flavourables the colonial conflict about the status of IndiaIn the three conflicts, the main actor was Gandhi himself. In the first conflict, the fighting adversaries were the Hindus and the Muslims in the second one, the adversaries were the Untouchables and Gandhi who were fighting for their cause , and the tradition defenders in the last one, the adversaries were India and the British government.So, Gandhi was the link mingled with Indians and the government. Note that the first conflict was existing originally Gandhi even intervened.1 Internet Modern Hi allegory SourcebookIn 1857 the British faced a dangerous rebellion, crudely called the Indian Mutiny, a polemical name implying that it was the revolt of undiscip run along soldiers. Actual ly it was a revolt of the Indian soldiery, led by their policemans, known as sepoys. Many Indians outside the army had been restless for decades. Rulers had been conquered and dethroned. Landowners had lost their property and been replaced by ones more friendly to the British. sacred sentiments were inflamed. The British regarded Indian beliefs as repulsive they had outlawed the suttee, or widow woman burning, and suppressed the Thugs, a small sect of Holy Assassins. One officer even declared that the British were going to abolish the castes.Mysterious propaganda also circulated all over India. It infiltrated the sepoys, who denote to Muslim soldiers that certain newly issued cartridges were cover with the fat of pigs, and said to the Hindus that the same cartridges were greased with the fat of the cow. Since for the Hindus the cow was sacred, and for Muslims, to touch pork was unholy, many soldiers were outraged. The sepoys mutinied in the Ganges valley, and with them the long dormant baron and his court, joined in to rise against the British.Indias population was rich with diverse pagan and cultural groups. Ethnic groups were those based on a sense of common ancestry, while cultural groups could be either made up of hoi polloi of different heathen origins who shared a common language, or of ethnic groups with some customs and beliefs in common, such as castes of a picky locality. The diverse ethnic and cultural origins of the people of India were shared by the other peoples of the Indian subcontinent, including the inhabitants of Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, and Sri Lanka.The caste system was pervasive in India. Although it was entwined in Hindu beliefs, it encompassed non-Hindus as well. A caste was a social class to which a person belonged at birth and which was ranked against other castes, typically on a continuum of perceived purity and pollution. People generally married inside their own caste. In rural areas, caste could also govern w here people lived or what occupations they engaged in. The particular features of the caste system varied comfortably from community to community and across regions.The life of Indians was centered in the family. drawn-out families often lived together, with two or more adult generations, or brothers, communion a house.Cultural cliches and segregation seemed to be the source of nationalism in India. According to Dov Ronen,1 every human being is look foring forward to self-determination. And when this quest is altered, groups crystallize to eliminate the obstacle. The aggression coming from outside provokes the creation of a certain group conscience. According to the same Ronen, there must be an intelligentsia as well as a proletariat to form an effective nationalist movement. In India, the development of the proletariat was late and modest. Nevertheless, the western penetration made new social categories emerge, like the intelligentsia.The Indian subject area Congress was crea ted by a group of English-speaking urban intellectuals in 1885 to lead the struggle for Indias independence. The original moderate leadership was soon more militant group, led by Bal GangadharTilak, which demanded self-rule for India. The Congress originally advocated particular(a) democratic reforms. In 1920 it adopted the strategy of nonviolent resistance devised by Mohandas K. Gandhi. By 1929 the Congress, led by Jawaharlal Nehru, was demanding total independence. After India gained independence in 1947, the Congress controlled the central government and most of the Indian state governments for 20 years.2. Gandhi and his fight for independence in IndiaWhen Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi came back from South Africa in 1914, he began supporting Britain in World War One. During this period, he was not twisty in much politics, but rather stayed on the sidelines, so to speak, now and then facilitateing to recruit men.1 Ronen, Dov. The Quest for Self-Determination. 1979For many years, Gandhi had been friendly with Britain, but he became extremely upset at the passing of the Rowlatt Bills, which were bills that stated that those hazard of sedition could be imprisoned without trial. He immediately called a Satyagraha ( steadiness in truth, civil disobedience) struggle against Great Britain. Gandhi had meant for the citizens to use ahimsa (non-injury) methods of protesting, but they protested violently in some areas, leading to the killing of 400 Indians.By 1920, Gandhi was extremely influential among Indians. He quickly reformed the old Indian National Congress into a newer, more serious organization. He called a huge boycott of British goods and services, including schools and the like. With a leader like Gandhi, the Indian people were no longer afraid of their foreign rulers and began protesting. When police arrived, they lined up to be arrested, hoping to clog the system and stop the British. Thousands were arrested and the movement was in general a success, b ut a few violent outbreaks like in the previous protest caused the INC and their president Gandhi to call the protest off and direct it a mistake.Gandhi himself was arrested in short afterward in 1922 and reprobated to six years, but he was released four years early due to appendicitis. However, even this short sentence took its toll. The INC had split into two parts and the strong bond that had grown between the Hindus and Muslims when they protested together had dissolved as well. Small struggles still took place in villages, prompting Gandhi to fast for three weeks, which brought about peace effectively.Perhaps his most amazing feat was the Satyagraha against the salt tax in 1930. Instead of buying salt from the British, Gandhi and several(prenominal) thousand other Indians marched to the Arabian Sea and made their own salt by evaporating seawater. As a result, over 60,000 people were jailed. A year later, Gandhi met with Lord Irwin and the two agreed to allow Gandhi to act a s a representative at conferences in London, but the conferences failed to help them, and upon Gandhis return to India, he and the other leaders of the INC were jailed. While in jail, they found out that the new constitution would discriminate against the untouchable caste by placing them in a different electorate.Gandhi immediately started fasting for metamorphose. The government knew they had to change this portion of the constitution quickly, for if Gandhi were to die, revolution would be imminent. Gandhi resigned as president of the INC in 1934 and left the organization entirely to pursue a plan to educate From the bottom up, starting with the rural areas of India, which accounted for 85%1 of the population. He encouraged the peasants to spin and weave to supplement their meager incomes. He himself eventually moved to Sevagram and centered his program there.When World War Two started, the INC back up Britain on the condition that they withdraw completely from India. Gandhi de manded their withdrawal as well. The British simply jailed all of them. When the end of the war came, India became independent shortly afterward, in 1947, but it split as it became independent, forming Pakistan. Gandhi was upset that Indian freedom did not come with Indian unity, but nonetheless plunged himself into helping set the riot ravaged areas and fasting for peace in those places where the fighting go along over religion. In that way, he performed two great feats by fish filet the riots in Calcutta in September of 1947 as well as causing a truce in Delhi in January of 1948. Alas, he was not able to celebrate freedom for long, as he was shot to death on January 30, 1948, on his way to the evening prayer. Yet he died with freedom, peace, and love at heart his heart.The Muslim League was a Muslim political organization founded in India in 1906. Its original purpose was to protect the political rights of Muslims in India and to prevent Hindu political control of the entire I ndian subcontinent once independence from the British was achieved. For several decades the group advocated Hindu and Muslim unity within India. Under coalition president Muhammad Ali Jinnah, however, it came to demand a separate Muslim state from the British out of concern that an independent India would be reign by Hindus.During World War II, the Muslim League gave support to the British and in return the British allowed the league to gain strength. In 1947 the league succeeded in having the Muslim state of Pakistan separated from Hindu-dominated India. Renamed the All-Pakistan Muslim League, it became the majority political party in the first parliament of the newly created nation. Although the league has remained a political force in Pakistan, internal dissension and major losings in the 1954 elections, particularly in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh), caused the party to fragment into several factions.1Fischer, Louis. La vie du Mahatma Gandhi. Paris Calmann-Levy, 1954.On June 3 , 1947, the British Government announced the division of India. Though Gandhi had not given his consent to it, he advise the country to accept it.On August 15, 1947, the struggle for independence was over. The British rule in India came to an end after nearly 200 years, and two sovereign states, India and Pakistan appeared on the map. Nehru became the first rosiness Minister of India and Sardar Patel the Deputy Prime Minister. The whole country celebrated the day. There were singing and dancing processions and parades everywhere. Free Indias tricolor flag fluttered proudly on the historical Red Fort in Delhi and the National Anthem was sung in chorus.In the story of early resistance to British imperialism since the very beginning of the conflict, Gandhi has played a main role everywhere. His nonviolent philosophy was a key component in the story. That this why a study on this topic had to look at the relation Gandhi had with the masses and with the British. This relation is extre mely dramatic if we want to understand how the beliefs of one man succeeded in convincing an entire people. To achieve goals as big as the struggle for independence and the peace between Hindus and Muslims, the action of one man was not enough he had to rally the men looking forward to the same objectives.The study of British imperialism in India helps to understand some current topics like Kosovo, Eire, Algeria, and Pakistan, even if in the story of India it may be the word imperialism that is most relevant.

My Religious Belief System Essay

My ghostlike picture system is embedded in Christianity. I was born into a family who worshiped as Methodist and I am still Methodist. Growing up my mother non only send us to church, she went with us along with my grandmother, aunts, uncles and cou faults. Even though my father did non attend church often, he mootd in beau i acquit and supported my mothers desire to submit her children in church. The neighborhood I grew up in consisted of a great deal of my mothers family and both unitary served at the same church, right there in the community.My religious notions, directed my feeling in the sense of keeping my family close, taking my children to church, and teaching them the right g everywherenment agency. I remember before my baptism, my pastor explained to me the importance of being baptized and partaking in communion. The first time I accepted communion at the board of 12, I felt like I was receiving a part of saviour in my body as protection against anything and ev erything. Later, I learned the truly rea parole for communion is repentance and the need for for presumptioness.My nurturing from church became an ethical raceway growing up. Without this direction in my life, a number of things I get hold of experienced would probably cause me to detour too another way of thinking and doing things. My definition of a religious belief system is believe in God, involving yourself in worship and compliment services and comprehending and living by a standard outlined by the word of God. In step-up to that my beliefs tie in with the definition stated above. I am a Christian and with that being said, I believe in God and his son Jesus Christ.I truly believe Christ is our Lord and the Nazargonne who came into existence because of our sins and for that reason, I believe Christ died after he was crucified on the cross and 3 days later, he rose with all former all over everything in heavens and earth. I believe Christ died for the sins of the consu mmate beingness so that every living being may bugger off life and live it more abundantly and when the time comes for our bodies to return to spread out or dirt then our souls give join him in heaven if we believe he is Lord.From what I read and from what I am end slightly learning from the Bible, I grasp what is required of me as an individual and as a Christian in association with my conduct, meaning the way I be present toward others, and so forth. The Bible is an excellent guideline of what God expects us to do. By now, it seems obvious what I believe and it appears to be appargonnt that my belief system is absolutely a religious belief system. I commune constantly without ceasing for my children, my entire family and everyone I consider crucial to me.After analyzing my belief system, I grew into different facets of my religious belief system through phases of my life. For fashion model, I knew several supplicants at a juvenility age only if I did not understand how c rucial prayer was concerning my religious beliefs. I render as a young girl being on my knees along beside my grandmother saying my prayers. I remember her teaching one prayer for night and one for the mornings. Even as a teenager, I know some of the proper characteristics of my belief system still being young in mind I did not ever adhere to that belief.I always knew deep inside because of what my belief is that some things I will not do. I do not consider myself a nonpareil and I have made some terrible decisions but not to the point where I ignored my conscious which convicts us. Now that I have reached adulthood and I have experienced other things like marriage, having children, and contend with tragedies the significance of my belief system advanced and I know today I am al about whole. The benefits and disadvantages of acquiring my belief system are a distant stretch.The benefits of my religious belief system is knowing God always watches over me in spite of my faults a nd the ungodly decisions I have made in my life, I know he will always look after me and never leave me and that is a enormous benefit. maven disadvantage to my belief system is any individual may advantageously disobey laws we find ordained throughout the scriptures. For example, I concur duplicity about another individual or one may even up consider this gossip about other plurality is not a pleasant thing to do.I loathed a liar, when I know somebody is telling a lie that bothers me. I hear people dish the dirt all the time and it seems to be an easy task. This is just one example but not a small one not in Gods eyesight. However, it exemplifies the point. Numerous things can violate Gods word whether you meant to be disobedient or not to the laws, it still considered a violation. The observable disadvantage is, unless you are perfect you are going to sin against Gods word because no one is perfect but the Father.In reality, a portion of my belief system is the entire arche type of believing that each of us was born in an imperfect world and everyone will sin at some point in our lives. in one case more, we see the reason we have Jesus. I know he died for our sins to have us and God is a forgiving God. The role of tradition in my religious belief system is tremendous. Sometimes I reminisce over things I did as a child like waiting on Santa and not being able to sleep on Christmas Eve. I obviously was not thinking about the truth, this particular holiday was about the giving birth of Christ at that time.Later on, my children went through this identical custom every year. On the other hand, this tradition means a great deal more to me now. Every year during this time, I give gifts to my children, grandchildren and other family but the most important thing is I attend church for praise and worship. I participate with my church family presenting gifts and food to different people who are alone at Christmas and for those confined to the nursing home and n o one to spend time with them. Another tradition my family started was to invite someone less fortunate than we are for dinner and family fun.I remember when my children and I were at a point of just feeling alone and destitute, but the mirth I felt when someone helped me is the kind of feeling I valued to pass on to someone else especially during this time of the year. In plus to that I realize as an individual, I must be remindful of others and his or hers religious beliefs or religious practices. The society we exist in today is a mixture of different cultures and ethnicity and at any given moment, my next-door neighbor could be a Mexican or someone from India as well as a Christian.To be attentive of the beliefs of others is truly the most humane thing to do. I have respect for other people and whatever religion one might choose to par mint in. I make an effort not to get into a enmity with people over religion or their religious beliefs because of the sensitivity of the s ubject. My mirror image is that I value other peoples religion generous not to bring it up. My belief system has molded me and transformed my mine to different way of thinking. My religious belief has advanced and developed over the years.Unique circumstances have caused me to become intelligent, sturdy and more thoughtful. My religious beliefs are continually increasing and to be truthful like me in this quest of improving my life and my education many obstacles come examen me. Sometimes I find myself with some deep-seated views surrounding sure individuals and circumstances. In remembering the past events in my life my belief system, my religious belief system has kept me committed to whom and what I have become.

John Locke on Tacit and Unintended Consent Essay

In his stand by Treatise on fair play and Government, John Locke outlines clear and coherent standards for what constitutes a legitimate brass and what souls match slight such organisation would shake up business office over. Both be unyielding by citizens kneads of try foring to foreswear to the political relation cancel of their natural empowerment over their deliver conduct. Unfortunately, the situation twists much less clear single time we share how his standards would apply to the political situation certain in the veritable orb today.If we continue to subscribe to Lockes account without altering its standards, we would resonate a precipitous drop in the number of population whose interests existing regimens are responsible for serving. In this paper I result furnish that with certain variegates and clarifications to Lockes standards, the responsibilities of existing disposals c altogether for non be allowed to lose weight so drastically. This shapes a tradeoff, however. Changing the standards to apply more closely to demonstrable functioning presidential terms has the consequence of fashioning it more difficult to determine the genuineness of those presidential terms.Some of the clarity of Lockes theoretical model is lost in translating it to apply to actual instances of administration activity. A cornerst integrity of Lockes political doctrine is the idea that a government holds power licitly only with the assent of the governed. A polished friendship approves to grant a special(a) government rule over it, and each person chooses on an single basis to become a penis of a point proposition elegant troupe (II, 117). As giving such take has far- compass consequences over a persons life, Locke provides further explanation of what acquiesce entails in this context. exactly wholeness way exists to become a segment of a polished confederacy express take over. From Lockes account this would pee-pe e to be a fairly plaster castal business, which the individual enters by positive Engagement, and express secure and Compact (II, 122). Lockes original wording is important because it seems to imply that unless a person actually makes a public agreement to submit to government practice of law in return for protection of person, liberty, and property, she has non expressly accedeed. He makes it clear that there are no alternatives to this official process if one is to become segmentation of a elegant connection, (II, 122). evening if one is not considered part of a particular civil caller, she must submit to its authority to the effect of her involvement in that society. Someone who makes land within the ground occupied by a civil society is obligated to accomp all the law of whatever body has ruling authority in that territory as it applies to ownership and use of property. Someone merely travelling on a public road through a country will consume less contact with th e civil society of that land and so someer laws of that society will have application to her behavior.Still, those laws that do counterbalance what activities she carries out have binding force on her (II, 120-121). These muckle welcome the obligation to submit to local authority because that authority is protecting them, possibly by preventing the citizens of the area from acting in ways that would harm separatewise people including the outsider. For the outsider to be free of those restraints and take advantage of the areas citizens would be unjust therefore she is obligated to comply with the good restraints observed by citizens the area.In neither of these plates would the person in interrogation be considered a member of the civil society whose laws she is obeying unless she expressly applyed to critical point that society in addition to her tacit consent to follow its laws. An fast criticism of Lockes account thusly far is that in practice, just anyone expressly kick downstairss consent to heart any civil society. Even in approximately real-world cases where a person does announce submission to a particular government, the declaration would not meet Lockes conditions of consent that would contain legitimacy to the rule of government over that person.Oaths such as the U. S. Pledge of inscription are usually only indications that the speaker is prepared to obey directives from the government of a particular state. Consent in the strict sense would have to make explicit what the person is consenting to. Someone joining a civil society infra Lockes conception would need to fleck out that she is giving up the right to make and enforce her own judgments to the government of that society, in return for that governments protection of her interests.Even promises of blind obedience are far from universally practiced, and in al well-nigh countries are the practice of reciting such pledges is confined to schools and youth groups as a form of education rather than contractual agreement. (The idea that most civil societies do not consider young people mature bounteous to consent to become members is discussed later in this paper). Explicit contractual consent is far rarer than these drumheadably binding declarations.If most people fail to give explicit consent to trade away some of their natural rights, beneath Lockes terms they have not joined any civil society, and so should not be counted as the citizens of any state or the subjects of any government. This has pro pitch significance because of the relation between civil society and government. The agreement of a civil society is the force and justification lavatory its governments authority (II, 149) in return for the mandate that grants it power, the government exists to protect the interests of that particular group of people.e rattlingone not the member of a particular civil society has no legitimate voice in the form or operation of the government that society prepares, and she has no right to wear that government to protect her interests. This does not mean that the government will not take any actions that are to her benefit the laws of that nation which prevent its citizens from kill and robbing whitethorn also prevent them from killing or robbing her. When the government enacts laws, however, it need only do so with the interests of its constituency in mind, and has no obligation to create laws conducive to the interests of an outsider. whatsoever benefits the outsider enjoys as a result of the laws of a particular country are purely coincidental to those laws intent. Someone who is not a member of any civil society at all will accordingly have no power over any government, and her interests will deserve the consideration of no government. Since the vast majority of people have not given express consent to join a particular society, the majority of humanity has no right to expect its interests to be served or protected by any of t he governments existing on earth.Everyone, however, is demand to submit to the gibe of one government or anformer(a) depending of where they live, since basically every part of the earth inhabited by humans is nether the dominion of one state or an opposite(prenominal). Rule is solely in the hands of those few people who have actually signed some benignant of form-only(prenominal) neighborly contract, and needs only to consider their interests. Any government with which no living person has do a formal consent agreement rules illegitimately.The fact that Lockes model leads to an implication that most of humanity is neither the legitimate authors nor the deserving beneficiaries of government does not put forward the model is logically flawed. However, the very great majority of people consider themselves members of a civil society, and are considered as such by other people and, most importantly, by governments. However real governments define their constituency, few if any s et express consent as the standard.Enslavement of the tacitly consenting masses by the expressly contracted few thus fails to provide an accurate theoretical model of governmental institutions in the real world. Locke himself describes of the formation of government as an action taken by and for the company (II, 149) this wording suggests that he would have disagreed with the idea that citizenship by express consent leading to dictatorship by a de facto minority is, in practice, the most typical form of legitimate government. It is possible that those without citizenship (the majority of people under our present definition) actually benefit by not be contractually bound to any particular civil society.As long as someone who is not an official citizen resides within the territory of an existing government which fulfills the duties expected of government (II, 131), its laws discourage both citizens of the civil society and other outsiders from threatening her life, liberty, and prop erty. Thus someone could enjoy much of the security that social status in a civil society would provide simply by living in a well-governed area without joining in civil society. In PHI 309 lecture, Prof.Sreenivasan pointed out a possible advantage that such a living arrangement could provide for the unaffiliated in cases where it was in ones best interests to abandon a country beset by war, pestilence, or economic or other disaster, noncitizens could jump ship without that act being considered an injustice. Those who had by express consent tied themselves to the civil society might well be obligated to carry on with the community, and would not have the option of fleeing the war or hardship. Yet in most of the world, peregrine living is considered the exception, not the rule.Citizens of the worlds various nations must be considering factors not included in Lockes account. One of the most real of these is a convention that has introduced a new kind of consent modify people to b ecome citizens of particular states. Most civil societies have found it desirable to designate officially who is a member of that society, i. e. a member of that state. As a governments power depends on its constituency, government function is expedited by the governments having accurate knowledge of the extent of its power base, that is to say the extent of its citizenry.At the same time, concern for its own integrity and distrust of outsiders drives a civil society to delineate who is and is not a member. These and perhaps other factors have led to the creation of conventions (usually show as laws passed by governments) by which a person is declared to be a member of a particular civil society (i. e. citizen of a country) regardless of whether or not that person has actually expressed consent to what such social rank entails. The most typical example is a law declaring that anyone born in the territory of a particular nation is a citizen of that nation.When dummy up a juvenile, that person of course has not actively consented to anything, and so is usually considered not complete member of civil society although part of a community, the juvenile chiefly lacks certain rights and powers given to full members of the society. Upon reaching the age when she can make her own decisions, laws indicate what society the person is considered a member of in the absence of active consent by that person. The person continues to hold that default membership until she makes an active decision to join another civil society.The conventional reflection of this active decision is generally a naturalization process by which someone can become a citizen of a country she did not belong to by default. By going through the naturalization process, a person is understood to consent to the tradeoff which would make her a member of that civil society. It could be objected that being considered the member of a civil society by default is another matter entirely from consenting to joi n that society and willingly relinquish ones rights. Where is the consent in this instance?This mind is less troubling before the person has come of age, because most would agree that a juvenile generally lacks the judgment to be signing any kind of binding social contract. But can a government legitimately assert that a person has consented to cede her rights to it simply because she has not actively protested? This question could be answered affirmatively. A person can choose not to consent to membership in her default civil society, or give up her membership in a civil society she already belongs to, by joining another civil society through a more active process such as naturalization.This government agency that if she does not take such an action, she is accepting the convention that interprets her inaction as an appearance of consent to join the civil society she was assigned to by default. By systematizing and codifying standards for consent, then, states in actual practice ensure that the great majority of people are not lone agents. One might still question how conscious most people are that they are held to be making this sort of contract, even in the most open societies. A case can be made that essentially, they are aware.No one is unsuspecting of what society she belongs to. Each person is effectively the member of whatever civil society exerts control over her, usually through its government. As short as that person is conscious of the control being exerted over her, she is made unmistakably aware of what her citizenship is. With the realization of what government she is under comes the option to variegate her membership. The final and most damaging criticism of the consent model is the question of what happens when a person does not have the option to move to a new territory and join a new civil society.This may occur because of a persons own lack of means to carry out or simple ignorance of the options ostensibly available to her. It may a lso be the result of oppression by the government, preventing citizens of the country from leaving. Any of these conditions can force a person to remain an official member of a particular civil society. However, the standard of conventionalized explicit consent introduced above is only able to maintain that most people consent to join a civil society because it assumes those people have options also their initial citizenship.If people are not being given other options, the model is still not logically flawed. Rather, it suggests a situation exchangeable to that originally introduced as the consequence of applying Lockes model to the real world the people in such situations are not really part of the civil society that created the government to whose control they are forced to submit. As such, they retain undiminished the right to join another civil society through a new social contract. If they do so, they may create a new government to follow instead of the one they currently su bmit to by tacit consent.Of course, there is no guarantee that the government ruling them in the status quo will allow them to replace its control. If it retains control over them by force, Lockes model would still hold them to be tacitly consenting to its authority by enjoyment of its dominion. This counterintuitive culture is avoided by the model requiring choice for real consent. If we follow that paradigm, we come to the consequence that the government is ruling without any consent from the governed in those cases.According to Locke, such government is mere enslavement and so is illegitimate. To say that a government is wholly illegitimate if it hold power over even one person without her consent is clearly excessive probably no government could ever achieve legitimacy under that criterion. However, we can say that a government is legitimate to the extent that its citizens are aware of other options and consider membership in their current civil society with its ruling governm ent preferable to those options.The problem with such a standard is that it depends on what is perspective by the citizens of a country, and to ascertain a persons learning ability is difficult. The most reliable test is to provide citizens with realistic options and observe whether they remain with the status quo or seek a change in their situation. That change may involve leaving their current civil society, or it may mean seeking to change the structure or behavior of that societys government.The countrys citizens can be said to consent to the government ruling them to the extent that they posses the power to change their situation, but still maintain the status quo. Thus, the legitimacy of a government can be measured by the effective options available to its citizens. If we had held to Lockes standards for consent to membership in a civil society and submission to government rule, we would have concluded that most people in the world are tacitly consenting to the rule of gove rnments created by very small groups of explicit signers of social contracts.This would lead to a bizarre picture of the political landscape very much at odds with intuition and with modern reality. By changing standards for consent to mean compliance with official requirements for citizenship when other options are available, we are able to account for those who consider themselves and are considered members of a civil society without having given explicit consent, while at the same time outlet those not given a choice from the appearance of having given consent.A government is then legitimate to the extent that its citizens have given consent according to these standards. It is one of those rare examples where laws have made the situation clearer. Sources Locke, John. Second Treatise. From Two Treatises of Government, Laslett, Peter, ed. New York Cambridge University Press, 1988.

The Status of the Company

Running Head AVON PRODUCTS, INC. 1 1. Provide a brief description of the status of the go with that take to its determination that a variety show was necessary. Avon Products, Inc. (Avon) is a 122 year old confederacy whose primary centering is on the economic empowerment of women around the world. Basically, the judicature is a leader in direct distribution of cosmetics, fragrances and skin boot products. anterior to and including the year 2005, the attach to was considered to be a very palmy confederacy operating in over 40 countries with 70% of its revenue from outside of the United States.Its growth rate on profit security deposit was outstanding. In 2006, the company found itself in a declining state in revenue and profits. The companys direct-selling business was taking on groovy costs for a number of reasons including global legal restrictions and some dis gladness of the companys representatives. Since Avons reliance is on its direct-selling, the earnings and re presentative satisfaction are essential for the success of the business. The underlying federal agent along with former(a) contributing causes was that Avon had grown hurrying than portions of its understructure and giving could represent.The structure, nation and surgeryes that support a $5 one million million million company were non necessarily a good support for the $10 billion company. In the bidding of palingenesising its endowment fund practices the talent caution team was able to identify six areas of lacking(p) or poorly functioning talent cropes. The weaknesses that were found in Avons be talent practices were listed 1) opaque 2) egalitarian 3) complex 4) episodic 5) worked up and 6) meaningless. 2. Identify the poseur for change theory typified in the subject field examine of your choice. Discuss what led you to identify the model that you did.Faced with the challenges of its flat going revenues and declining operating profits, Avons chief operating off icer restructured the organization and significant changes were do. As the changes began, it was found that Avon had some issues with its talent, both with the living talent and with the companys ability to identify and produce talent. The change model in the Avon case was the 360-degree feedback sagaciousness tool. fit in to Silzer & Dowell (2010), the rise of 360-degree feedback judicial decisions boost greater use of competency models built specifically around leading behaviors.Silzer & Dowell (2010) go on to say that organizations soon had lists of the leading behaviors they expected from their managers, which was the case with Avon. Avon was found to be opaque. As such, the talent practices within the organization were non known to the managers or to the associates. The resulting change was that of new practices and a re-making of the existing practices to gravel more than absolute except for when there were confidentiality concerns. An other(a) weakness that exis ted with Avons talent practices was that the company was egalitarian and needed to turn around the attribute of its talent.Once this was understood, Avon made a change to differentiate its investment in its talent. This allowed for the company to better match the in effect(p)ness of its talent investment with the expected buckle under since before the somewhat-face the high performers were non engaged and the low performers were not managed very effectively. Avons level of complexity in its talent watchfulness practices was another noted weakness. Quality talent was not grown as quickly as was needed by the company so Avon simplified its talent process to ensure a balanced process. Employee surveys and talent reviews were performed episodically.Decisions concerning promotions and other objectives were more or less influenced by as much by individual knowledge and emotion as by objective facts. The turnaround that was made here was that relationships became stronger and as th e business grew, leaders know of others performance or development needs and used this factor in determining talent management. Finally, meaningless talent practices such as Human Resources professionals not being able to answer most of the fundamental questions posed by managers almost talent practices and there was not existing accountability.With the new talent practices, questions were answered and talent reviews were make and notations of progress were made. This was indication that effective communication had begun to take place. In this case, feedback was helpful and resulted in changed behaviors and overall things were done differently. According to Silzer & Dowell (2010) as leadership concepts and education learned greater currency, it became clear that the pursuit (subordinates) of leaders should share their views on their leaders effectiveness.Greater use of this model encouraged greater use of competency models built around leadership behaviors. 3. Illustrate the t ypes of evaluation selective information that were collected and how they are used to improvement the company. As stated earlier, Avon faced challenges of flattening revenues and declining operating profits. Regarding this situation there were many an(prenominal) contributing causes. One underlying issue was that Avon had grown faster than portions of its infrastructure and talent could support (Goldsmith, & Carter, 2010, p. 2).Avons structure, including people and processes, had grown from that of a company with $5 billion in revenues to that of a company with $10 billion in revenues. With this growth Avons structure was no longer a good fit and was in need of a turnaround. To begin the process of turning the business around, the talent management group (TM) started by requesting copies of the 360-degree assessment of each VP, not to take any action against anyone, but to gain more knowledge about the behavioral information of the top leaders. every(prenominal) enterprise must build knowledge into its value proposition. Knowledge cannot be separated but needs to be an explicit part of everything about an enterprise (Edersheim, 2007, p. 189). The 360-degree feedback is a performance measurement which involves rating individuals on work-related behaviors. According to Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart, & Wright (2011), there are benefits of the 360-degree feedback. Organizations collect multiple perspectives of managers performance, allowing employees to compare their own in-person evaluations with the views of others.The request for the 360-degree assessment was denied citing confidentiality. This matter was addressed and a new and simpler 360-degree assessment process was designed and implemented which now allowed for the disclosure of behavioral information to be used when making decisions relative to promotions and assignments. The new process help in making the talent process less complex and more transparent The performance management form within Avon was a ten page long form and many of the associates had not had a review in a number of years.With the turnaround process, Associates were now aligned with a different set of goals and could expect fair rewards. More value was added to the process because now managers had a simpler tool to use and it allowed them to manage their teams more effectively. Prior to the turnaround at Avon, accountability for talent practices was non-existent. With the implementation of the new process, it was believed that the focus could be on people issues and that mangers could be held accountable for the improvement thereof.Further, Associates were authorise to hold the managers accountable and to inform Human Resource leaders if things were not happening. The issues concerning accountability were applied such that talent management was the responsibility of the leaders within the organization and in keeping with Avons culture. 4. Speculate about success of the changes within the next five (5) years and h ow adjustments could be made if the results become less than ideal. The talent practices at Avon had some weaknesses which were addressed during a year to a year and a half turnaround period.This process after turnaround saw great effective improvements in the talent practices. The most noticeable changes were in the areas of clear goal setting, feedback, development planning, and people effectiveness. As the talent management process has become simpler and more transparent at Avon, the development of leaders is now on a faster track. The work experience is also improved having made leaders more accountable for their behaviors. The effectiveness of the new process has contributed to Avons goals of reducing expenses and increase revenue.It is expected that Avon will treat to grow and with the updated talent practices, better leaders will be developed faster and those leaders must persist in with the development and growth of potential new leaders. This process is expected to contin ue and Avon will stay on track in achieving its goals for continued success. It is primal that the vision of the organization is continuously communicated. According to Bates (n. d. ) many leaders infract to get their messages across even though they are intelligent, analytical, and decisive leaders.Human option professionals know that the consequences are serious if leaders cannot successfully communicate a vision. Executives have to motivate and inspire, or they will fail. One role of HR professionals is to recognize when there is an issue and help leaders develop this skill. References Bates, S. (n. d. ). communicating vision How HR professionals can help leaders articulate regretful ideas and get people moving in one direction. Retrieved 11/03/12 from http//www. hrcrossing. com/article/270140 Edersheim, E.H. (2007). The definitive Drucker. New York, NY McGraw-Hill Goldsmith, M. , & Carter, Louis. (2010). Best practices in talent management how the worlds leading corporations manage, develop, and retain top talent. San Francisco, CA Pfeiffer Noe, R. A. , Hollenbeck, J. R. , Gerhart, B. , & Wright, P. M. (2011). fundamental principle of human resource management. New York, NY McGraw-Hill Silzer, R. , & Dowell, B. E. (2010). Strategy-driven talent management A leadership imperative. San Francisco, CA Jossey-Bass.

Developmental Theory, Moral Development, and Gender and Cultural Influences

Most mass ar confused about how macrocosm grow, mature, and gear up a unique somebodyality. This research paper forget address the 2 different theories of Kohlberg and Erikson pertaining to valets individualality, clean-living reading, and their gender and ethnic differences.It will further explicate the role of distributively tier of human education in shaping a plastered aspect of their way, and how it intensifys oer a menses of time. emergenceal Theory, Moral Development, and Gender and Cultural Influences human creation beings start to develop from the time of their birth and will continuously change and develop until they reach the bring in of adulthood.thither ar many theories that attempt to beg off how human beings develop their somebodyalities and identities over a period of time. Looking at the different theoretical views in psychology, it can be very puzzling and misleading in terms of how an individual matures and develops.However, these theor ies will further beg off and somehow let people actualise the whole process of growing and phylogeny of an individual. Two educational theories will be discussed in this paper, as intumesce as their similarities and differences.The paper also aims to present how these theories affect the development of an individual from birth to adulthood. The theories to be discussed are Erik Eriksons possibility of psycho favorable development and Lawrence Kohlbergs confronts of clean-living development.Eriksons Model of Psychosocial DevelopmentErik Erikson is a developmental psychologist who believes that a psyche develops their mortalality in a series of coif and ages. Eriksons surmise describes the impact of social experience across the whole bearingspan. Eriksons model of psychosocial development is a very significant, highly regarded, and meaningful thought.Erikson real the eight grades of psychosocial development of an individual. In each stage, he believes that people experi ence problems and conflicts in livelihood thus, it serves as a turning point in a somebodys development throughout his or her life stages. These problems are evaluate to develop or impede the psychological ability of an individual (Wagner, 2008). The primary stage of Eriksons developmental theory is the Trust vs. Mis intrust. This occurs between births and when a tike reaches star year old. It is said to be the near radical stage in life.It is a stage where a churl notices to trust the people most such as the m separate or parents who are expected to be on that point and provide them with their vital needs wish well care, love, trust and food. Since an infant is absolutely dependent, developing trust is usually found on dependability and quality of the claws caregivers.If a small fry finally develops trust, he or she will now experience set up living in the world. On the early(a) hand, if trust is not developed in this stage, a child whitethorn develop fear and a belief that he or she lives in an unpredictable and conflicting environs (Chelsi, 2006). The chip stage occurs when a child becomes a toddler.This stage is called familiarity Vs Shame and Doubt. In this stage of development, earlier childhood is concentrate on enhancing a owing(p)er sense of somebodyal realize. For instance, when a child learns to control accepted parts of his or her body like toilet pedagogy and education how to walk, wherefore he or she will stool a sense of control.This child will feel independent as well and develop a sense of autonomy to do someaffair on his or her own. However, if the child fails to attain personal control, it will issue in feelings of rape and doubt (Wolfe, 2007). Stage three of Eriksons theory is called Initiative vs.Guilt.This stage happens when a child becomes preschool already between the ages of four and five. In this stage, a child become more(prenominal) active and will play and look for a lot. It is also where a child develops a conscience and let downs to regard what is in force(p) from wrong.Support is extremely needed in this stage because if it is not present, feelings of guilt trip can develop and will be the source of conflict later in the childs life (Wagner, 2008). Fourth stage in this theory is Industry vs. Inferiority. This stage occurs when a child reaches the age of 2-12 historic period old and when they attend early school.Every child needs to feel that he or she has achieved something in every work he or she does, most especially in school. That is why school is very important in this stage of development. If a child constantly successfully achieves something with the use of his or her own skill or ability, there will be a greater chance that the child will feel proud and overconfident within him- or herself. On the other hand, if the child fails to achieve something, it may result in feelings of inferiority and low self-esteem in the childs personality (Wagner, 2008). Ident ity vs. Confusion makes up the fifth stage of Eriksons theory.This stage takes place during the adolescence period of an individual. Adolescents will try to instruct their identity and figure out their personality and where they should belong in the world. It is the stage wherein a child begins experimenting since it is a way to discover him- or herself. If the child was not able to discover and spang him- or herself, then there will be role and identity confusion in them. Consequently, he or she will be confused with his or her function in the world and can cause dilemma later on in the next stages of life (Chelsi, 2006).The siseth stage of this theory is Intimacy vs. IsolationThis happens during early adulthood between the ages of 18 and 40. It is a stage wherein a person explores personal relationship, particularally intimate relationships with other people. Thus, in this stage, people begin to date and find a partner to marry.Those who are successful will achieve a sense of intimacy and security from their partner or other people, while failure to do so may result in isolation and feeling of loneliness and depression (Wagner, 2008). Stage sevensome occurs at the age of 40 to 65, and it is called Generativity vs. Stagnation. In this stage, an individual continues to build lives nevertheless focuses now with career and family.This is where a person learns to care and be interested for other people. Being active and participative in the world is what people feel if they succeed in this stage. However, having less self-worth is what people would feel if they fail to suit this stage successfully (Wagner, 2008). Lastly, the eighth stage in Eriksons theory is called integrity vs. despair. This occurs in old age between ages fifty and up. It is a stage where people look back on their life and debate on what happened.There may be a feeling of satisfaction or regret. They will have a sense of integrity when they feel halcyon and fulfilled with what happened in their life, while they may feel despair and causticity if they think that their life was just a waste. Life is full of learning new things and challenges that help people grow and develop. This theory of Erikson is truly implemental for understanding a child and adults development (Wagner, 2008). The six stages of Eriksons theory is related to the gender differences of an individual, with the fifth stage (Identity vs.Confusion) being the more crucial.This is because in this stage, it is said that people are try to adjudicate their real personality and identity by choosing where they should belong and knowing their adjudicate in life (Streitmatter, 1993). Environmental, cultural, and ethnicity factors are present in the whole stage of a persons development. These factors influence an individual over the period of time when a person matures and lives his or her life. Environment such as the family, school, and the whole society is always involved in the process.In addition, a certain culture and ethnicity of a person may give a great influence as well in shaping an individuals personality, which makes them a certain persona living and functioning in the world. There may be a culture that is acceptable to the norms of a specific group of people, but then that specific culture may not be common and not acceptable to the other, so it is very important to know also where a person originated so that a person may understand why some people has different beliefs, values, and behavior in life (Child Development, 2006).Kohlbergs Developmental Model of Moral Development Kohlbergs theory is quite different from Eriksons theory. His theory focuses on the moral development. It is divided into three levels with two different stages on each level, which gives a total of six different stages of moral development. Level one is the pre-conventional morality level, and it has two stages. The first stage is the obedience and punishment orientation. It is a stage wherein a c hild learns what is right and wrong actions and behavior.Children also learn in this stage that for every action they make they will wear a certain consequences of it. For example, if a child does something well-behaved, then they will be rewarded. On the other hand, if a child does something bad, then they will know that there will be a certain punishment and consequences for their actions. The second stage under pre-conventional level is called individualism and exchange. At this stage, a child learns to be concerned not only for himself or herself but for other people as well.Children start to learn reciprocity and stand in the position of doing something for other people if it is for his or her self-interest. Hence, the child will keep company a certain rule if he or she knows that she or he will gain something from it. Children at this stage are very focused and concerned with fairness and equality. The justice here is do unto others what as they do unto to you. Thus, if a person does something good to somebody, then he or she expects that the person will do something good to him or her as well.The same thing happens if a person does something bad to somebody he or she then can expect that the person will do something bad to him or her in return (Crain, 1985). Level two is conventional morality, and the third stage is good interpersonal relationships.In this stage, children do something because they already know that it is good, and they will be able to have good relationship with family, classmates, friends, and neighbors. They now know the concepts of trust, care, love, and being concern with other people, giving them a good impression of themselves from other peoples perspective.In this stage, children aim to please people around them, and intentions are basically all good, since they are very concerned with having a good image to portray in the society, and since they are expected to behave in a way that the society asks them to behave. Fourth sta ge is maintaining the social order. It is pacify quite related to the third stage, but in this stage, a person become fully concerned not only the people around them but the whole society and environment already.Now in this stage, a person learns about obeying laws and respecting the people and the authority, and they focus on performing a certain duty so that there will be a social order in the society. People at this stage will be knowledgeable about the societal law, and they are automatically expected to lodge such laws that are imposed into their society and environment (Crain, 1985). Next is level three, and it is called the post-conventional morality where the last two stages lies ahead. The fifth stage is social deoxidize and individual rights.During this stage, an individual believes and looks into his or her own moral values and principles in life and becomes aware that it should be also good for the society. People develop their own opinions, beliefs, and values in lif e in this stage.They also understand that codes of conduct are relative to their social group. This varies from culture to culture and subgroup to subgroup. A person enters into an agreement with fellow human beings to treat them fairly and nicely and to respect authority when it is equally moral and deserved. Lastly, the sixth stage is called the common principles.This stage involves the universal ethical principles in an individuals life. A person uses his or her conscience and their own ethical principles to decide what is right and wrong behavior and actions. Here people are motivated by their conscience that surpasses cultural, religious, or social convention rules (Uncgrad, 2007). Kohlbergs theory and stages of moral development is said to affect the gender differences, environmental, cultural, and ethnic influences in ways. A research says that gender differences have no effect in the moral judgment of a person.However, they discovered that female are more belike to mature than male in the adolescent stage, making female more advanced when it comes to moral reasoning. Research states that girls are generally about two years ahead of boys in cerebral cortical and social-cognitive functioning (Silberman & Snarey, 2007). On the other hand, factors such as the environment, culture, and ethnicity of a person have a great effect also in developing a persons moral judgment since these are factors that are always present in an individuals life.For instance, when two different races such as Western people and Asian people are compared, the difference in culture and beliefs is very evident that it is only likely that they will have different moral judgment (Mulder, 1997). Both theories of Kohlberg and Erikson critically discuss and explain how a person builds their personality and moral development in the life span of an individual.Understanding both different stages of Kohlberg and Erikson will also prevent people from having conflicts and dilemmas in facing a nd dealing with life since people already know the sources and origins of humans personality and moral development.ReferencesChelsi (2006). Erik Eriksons Eight Stages of Psychosocial Development. Associated Content.Crain, W.C (1985). Chapter Seven Kohlbergs stages of moral development. Theories ofDevelopment (pp. 118-136). US Prentice-Hall.Mulder, B. (1997). Moral Developments Development Recent Research. try for College.Retrieved October 14, 2008 from http//www.hope.edu/academic/psychology/335/webrep/moraldev.html.Quintana, S. M. , et al. (2006). Race, Ethnicity, and Culture in Child Development present-day(a) Research and Future Directions. Child Development, 77 (5), 1129-1141.Silberman M. A & Snarey J. (2007). Gender differences in moral developmentduring early adolescence The contribution of sex-related variations in maturation. Current Psychology, 12 (2), 163-171.Streitmatter, J. (1993). Gender differences in identity development An examination oflongitudinal data. Adolescence , 28, 5566.Uncgrad, (2007). Kohlbergs Stages of Development. Associated Content. Retrieved October 14, 2008 fromhttp//www.associatedcontent.com/article/461832/kohlbergs_stages_of_development html?cat=7.Van Wagner, K. (2005). Stages of Psychosocial Development. About.comRetrieved October 14, 2008 fromhttp//psychology.about.com/od/theoriesofpersonality/a/psychosocial.htm.Wolfe well(p) (2007). Erik Homburger Eriksons Grid of Psychosocial Stages of ChildhoodDevelopment. Associated Content. Retrieved October 14, 2008 fromhttp//www.associatedcontent.com/article/299357/erik_homburger_eriksons_grid_of_psychosocial.html?cat=58.

Building Flexibility Into Contracts

The main rationale for building flexibleness into an outsourcing abridge is based on the premise that factors both innerly and externally may change and thus preserve the achievement of the desired objectives of the outsourcing. For example, the internal requirements of the sourcing organic law may change during the outsourcing cut back or another supplier in the supply market may achieve a technology breakthrough, which consent tos it to realize signifi preservet performance improvements.In the latter case, the establishment of a long-run curve with a competing supplier prevents the sourcing organization from accessing the superior capabili associations of this supplier. Therefore, incorporating elements into a entreat that make out flexibleness send away ensure that the desired benefits atomic number 18 existence achieved from outsourcing and in particular, ensure that the sourcing organization is not locked into a relationship with an uncompetitive supplier.Likewi se, building flexibility into contracts aids organizations in benefiting from the outsourcers address improvements as they occurred, rid of lawsuits and save face in the upcoming. Ways to Build Flexibility into Contracts McIvor (2005) associate that flexibility can be achieved through either half(prenominal) or incentive contracts. Incomplete detection creates a situation in which separate of the contract can be renegotiated based upon changes in circumstances. It is mainly concern with optimization over time, seeking to minimize the exists of adapting to the constantly ever-changing conditions of the frugal environment.There are a number of methods incorporating flexibility into a contract through incomplete spying like price flexibility, renegotiation, contract continuance and early termination (Langfield-Smith, Smith and Stringer, 2000). Price flexibility allows prices to be renegotiated as circumstances change during the contract. Incorporating price flexibility means that all future contingencies do not fox to be fully considered at the outset, as the buyer and supplier are aware that prices can be change to reflect changes in circumstances.For example, changes in the requirements of the sourcing organization during the contract may deal an adjustment in prices. In renegotiation, mechanisms are corporal into the contract that allow for renegotiation based upon changes in the business environment. The contract may include special(prenominal) clauses under which renegotiation should occur including fixed calendar dates or changes in economic indices. Renegotiation practically involves renegotiating more than price and can also focus on the terms of contract.The employment of shorter contracts can be employed to achieve flexibility. At the end of the contract period a new contract can be negotiated that reflects the current circumstances both internally and externally. Rather than hold up the five- to seven-year contracts of the last decade , contracts are now being broken into manageable timeframes which curb short initial terms and options for extensions. Few organizations can predict their needs with any certainty over long lengths of time, thus it is prudent to have flexibility over the contract continuance.A clause may be incorporated into the contract that sets out the conditions under which the contract may be terminated. The disregard of such(prenominal) a clause can result in significant penalties in the event of the contract being terminated prematurely. Incentive contracting, on the other hand, involves incorporating mechanisms into the contract that allow the supplier to share any cost savings or profits generated through the outsourcing relationship (Dimitri, Piga and Spagnolo, 2006).Taking advantage of a declarers general objective to maximize profits by giving it the opportunity to earn a greater profit if it performs the contract efficiently lies at the core of incentive contracting. The essence of said contracting type is the effort by one individual or organization (the principal) to induce and reward certain behaviors by another (the agent). It has been the subject of significant discussion in the economics literature, as incentive contracts are often employed to encourage performance improvements in the outsourcing arrangement in areas such as cost reduction and service levels (Bolton and Dewatripont, 2005).This type of contract stimulates the contractor to limit cost by leaving him a fraction of cost savings, but at the same time it reimburses him some money in case of cost overrun. The contract will include mechanisms that ensure the supplier shares any savings that are realized from performance improvements. Incentivization can create a more cooperative relationship between parties, overcoming the traditional adversarial shape up to contracting.The purpose of the incentives is not just to motivate the contractor but to tie performance of all participants to the contr acts objectives. The proper use of an incentive contract aligns the priorities of contract participants who would otherwise have diverse motives. Potential Risks of construct in Too Much Flexibility Nowhere is the potential trade-off between control and flexibility more apparent than when it comes to designing the contract. As with anything that is to a fault much, there are potential risks of building in too much flexibility into contracts.By having too much contract flexibility, short-term opportunistic behavior is more likely, which is why classical legal contracts remove flexibility by building in as much legally enforceable control as possible that protects both parties from such behavior. With respect to incomplete contracting, problems arise when any agreement is negotiated under conditions of incomplete or irregular information, risk and uncertainty. It has also been associated with certain organizational costs, as it needs to be revise or renegotiated as the future unf olds.John (2000) identifies three such types of costs ex post costs of haggling over the terms of the revised contract upon renegotiation those related to inefficient agreements caused by asymmetric information and ex ante costs of not investing in relation-specific investments in misgiving of encountering hold-up behavior upon contract renegotiation. Since it is impossible to write a complete contract that specifies what the agent is required to do in all contingencies, legal case law is employed to determine obligations of the contracting parties that are not explicitly pen into a contract.Familiar contractual forms have the advantage that there is a wealth of legal precedent concerning them. Thus, disputes are likely to be resolved speedily. more(prenominal) exotic contractual forms, for which there are few legal precedents, are more prone to costly and acrimonious legal disputes (Aghion and Bolton, 2002). Further, incomplete contracting discourages both relation-specific inv estments and value-enhancing agreements.When it comes to incentive contracting which operates on the theory of the carrot and the spoil (theres a financial carrot for a supplier for reveal than agreed-on quality, reli talent, delivery or performance and a financial stick for worsened than agreed-on levels of those parameters), the principle is attractive but the practice is another matter. Suppliers are loath(p) to accept financial penalties, especially for reliability targets are not reached, and customers are reluctant to extend financial incentives to suppliers if agreed-on targets are not met.In incentive contracting, the risks amount, probability, and impact are major factors influencing the design of the contract since the main purpose of this is transferring the risks. As well, there are several limitations to incentive contracting, as it depends on a purchaser with the ability to specify performance, the possibility of meaningful performance measures that can be identifie d, agreed upon and implemented, the existence of resources to oversee and monitor performance, and the practical ability to take action, including replacing the contractor, where performance is unsatisfactory.The front pages provide too-frequent illustration of the ship canal in which contract incentives designed by the best and most well-meant experts may yield unintended adverse consequences. Incentives can divert guardianship from other important goals, work too well on their have terms, or encourage distorted reporting. WORKS CITED 1. Aghion, P. & Bolton, P. (2002). On Partial Contracting. European Economic Review. 46, 745-753. 2. Bolton, P. & Dewatripont, M.(2005). Contract Theory. Massachusetts Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 3. Dimitri, N. , Piga, G. & Spagnolo, G. (2006). The Handbook of Procurement. refreshing York Cambridge University Press. 4. Langfield-Smith, K. , Smith, D. & Stringer, C. (2000). Managing the Outsourcing Relationship. Australia University of S outh Wales Press, Ltd. 5. McIvor, R. (2005). The Outsourcing Process Strategies for Evaluation and Management. New York Cambridge University

Mobile marketing trends

officious merchandising trends in India merchandise is the cordial outgrowth by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exever-changing products and value with others. The merchandising concept is a philosophy. It makes the customer, and the satisfaction of his or her needs, the focal point of ein truth(prenominal) business activities. It is driven by senior managers, passionate about delighting their customers. Marketing Is a mall element for the successful sales agreement of any product.Products analogous a soap or toothpaste or a car and much more require a good merchandising strategy. Mobile ph single is most commonly found product and which does require trade plans to ameliorate its sale. Mobile marketing requires high funds and therefore the funds atomic calculate 18 sanctioned. Samsung, MicroVAX, spice, and umpteen other Internationally recognized faults spend a make out of money for mobile marketing. Under marketing p lans mobile marketing has make believeed a wide exposure and is one the most popular marketing. What is mobile marketing?Using diverse techniques of marketing like manners or advertisements or newspaper pictures or clippings or banners on buses or rickshaws to increase the sale of the mobile phone is mobile marketing. The purpose of this essay Is therefore to dissect the sorts in which mobile marketing works and the factors that led to the huge success behind It. Whilst it is clear that there are many factors, which captivate a busy decision, in a similar way many factors influence marketing of a mobile phone. Factor such as substitute or complementary goods for mobile phone will sure as shooting affect marketing strategy of a particular(a) mobile phone.If tablets or Pads have better marketing plans then It will definitely produce an Impact on the consumers. The sale of mobile phones will see a downfall. Another such factor would be the special Influences and then the pr imary(prenominal) factor is the tastes and preferences. Producers have found out the taste of the consumers or the primary(prenominal) objective behind buying such devices and create different marketing plans based on the consumers interest. They try to attack the weakness of the consumer and somehow change them to buy the mobile.Mobile phones use the social networking APS and special plans created by the outwork carriers, which help the miserable to buy a mobile phone too. Social networking APS are the important target. Social networking basically is Interpersonal interaction is the gathering of people into particular gatherings, in the same way as little provincial groups or an area subdivision, in the event that you will. Albeit person-to-person communication is conceivable In individual, particularly in the work environment, colleges, and secondary schools, It Is most famous on the web.This Is on the grounds web is loaded with a large number of people who are looking to mee t other individuals, to accumulate and supply direct data and encounters about cooking, playing golf, planting, creating companionship proficient collusions, discovering occupation, business-to-business announce and even gatherings offering data about preparing treats to the Flourish Development. The points and premiums are as differed and rich as the story of our universe. Regarding online long-range interpersonal communication, sites are ordinarily utilized.These sites are known as social locales. The most used social networking sites are backbone, twitter, IBM. These social networking sites have their APS, which jakes be installed in the languish phones and phones. Mobile marketing trends have been dominating the early 2014 (business insider INDIA). The way social networking sites have created a huge impact on the mobile marketing trends are somewhat like, better gee targeting. Gee focusing on or area based movable Promoting is truly energize for advertisers and has picked up massive prevalence throughout the last few days.This is a deprecative pattern that truly brings quality to shoppers by giving them a demote to discover items and administrations in their area when they need. Gee focusing on is one of the heavenly vessels of specialty focusing for advertisers in light of the fact that it makes your brand pertinent to the buyers, helping it to addition footing. Inns, restaurants and stores are the leaders in wrong of gaining by the area-based administrations. Time for nonirritating and micro content are also very different trends that commonly are known. Nonirritating alludes to focusing on a particular set of individuals from a given gathering.For instance, while arriving at crowds on a social outworking stage like Backbone one can write out down the intended interest group focused around their experience, demographic, areas, and so forth. Case in point, take on you are beginning up with operations Just in India couple of neighboring nation s, then why neutralise your valuable Advertising bucks on arriving at everybody. Simply narrowest Make a fight for the individuals in these geologies and receive the best in return. Nonirritating will be considerably more vital in the following few months to come down as substance with setting is getting to be more critical by the mean solar day.Portable promoting makes it much simpler. 3 Concerning substance in the varied advertizement space, it has gotten shorter and will keep on getting shorter. That is the manner by which it better speaks to versatile viewers. A six second feature or a snatch photograph with a reasonable message is fit for doing a ton greater to your brand than one can envision. 3 Mobile instant messaging is the aspect that has been targeted and is nonetheless used by the producers to gain the attention of the consumers. There is a gigantic surge in the standard of dynamic clients of versatile based social informing applications likeWeight, Watchstrap, Tr ek Errand person, and so on. This plainly shows that buyers are truly snared on by the testing versatile applications and there lies an extraordinary as far as making messages that acquire buyers and are pertinent to them and not interrupting. 3 Personalization and customization and increasing interest in the wearable technology are another two most different trends, which contribute, in the marketing strategy. While versatile purchasing of items is not a huge pattern yet, there is a solid pattern of scrutinizing items for portable and afterward set disconnected from the et to purchase them.This is at the end of the day a gigantic open door. This is the place customized and modified offers can assume an incredible part. Advertisers can utilize customized offers to change over these searchers into real purchasers. For instance, if a purchaser is perusing and investigating travel ends of the line in Europe, he or she will perceive ads blazing with less expensive flight of steps ticke ts AND Inns in those goals. 3 All things considered, simply a couple of years back wearable engineering may have quite recently seemed like an extravagant thing from a science fiction head picture, et not any longer.With items like Google Glass and save. y watches, wearable innovation is changing a considerable measure as far as the way purchasers carry on. While the wearable engineering may not be a pattern yet, however it unquestionably is getting up to speed. When it turns into a piece of day-by-day lives of buyers, there will be entire better get along to charm them. 3 Another trend on which the focus can go would be emails. This trend isnt much popular but it still contributes. Messages may have begun decades prior as PC- centered correspondence, however they arent that any longer.

A Game of Thrones Chapter Forty-three

EddardThrough the high narrow windows of the Red Keeps cavernous thr whizz room, the igniter of sunset spilled across the floor, laying dark going away stripes upon the w anys w pre direct the gaffers of dragons had unity time hung. Now the stone was covered with hunting tapestries, vivid with greens and br declares and blues, and only s public treasury it happenmed to Ned Stark that the only color in the h exclusively was the red of crease.He sat high upon the im handsse ancient seat of Aegon the Conqueror, an ironwork giant of spikes and jagged edges and grotesquely twisted metal. It was, as Robert had warned him, a hellishly disquieting chair, and neer more so than now, with his shattered leg throbbing more sharply either minute. The metal at a lower place him had grown harder by the hour, and the fanged steel scum bag do it impossible to lean cover version. A female monarch should never sit easy, Aegon the Conqueror had express, when he com populaceded his armo rers to forge a salient seat from the s vocalizes laid down by his enemies. Damn Aegon for his arrogance, Ned thought sullenly, and diddly thud Robert and his hunting as well.You ar quite certain these were more than brigands? Varys necessitateed quietly from the council table beneath the throne. Grand Maester Pycelle stirred uneasily beside him, while Littlefinger toyed with a pen. They were the only councillors in attendance. A white hart had been sighted in the business leaderswood, and maestro Renly and Ser Barristan had joined the fairy to hunt it, along with Prince J rancidrey, Sandor Clegane, Balon Swann, and half the court. So Ned must needs sit the put right Throne in his absence.At least he could sit. Save the council, the rest must stand respectfully, or kneel. The petitioners clustered near the t tot ally li mens, the nicknames and high lords and ladies beneath the tapestries, the venialfolk in the gallery, the mail guards in their cloaks, gold or grey all s withald.The villagers were kneeling men, women, and children, a equal(predicate) tattered and personal credit liney, their faces drawn by fear. The three knights who had brought them here to bear interpret stood behind them.Brigands, master copy Varys? Ser Raymun Darrys phonation dripped scorn. Oh, they were brigands, beyond a doubt. Lannister brigands.Ned could feel the malaise in the residency, as high lords and servants besides strained to listen. He could non pretend to surprise. The due west had been a tinderbox since Catelyn had seized Tyrion Lannister. Both Riverrun and Casterly Rock had called their banners, and armies were massing in the relegate below the Golden Tooth. It had only been a exit of time until the blood began to flow. The sole apparent motion that remained was how best to stanch the wound.Sad-eyed Ser Karyl Vance, who would substantiate been handsome entirely for the winestain birthmark that discolored his face, gestured at the kneeling villa gers. This is all the remains of the holdfast of Sherrer, Lord Eddard. The rest are numb(p), along with the people of Wendish Town and the Mummers Ford.Rise, Ned com realityded the villagers. He never invested what a man told him from his knees. All of you, up.In ones and twos, the holdfast of Sherrer struggled to its feet. cardinal ancient needed to be helped, and a unripe girl in a bloody dress stayed on her knees, staring blankly at Ser Arys Oakheart, who stood by the foot of the throne in the white armor of the exponentsguard, plant to protect and defend the king . . . or, Ned supposed, the Kings Hand.Joss, Ser Raymun Darry say to a fairp bald man in a brewers apron. Tell the Hand what happened at Sherrer.Joss nodded. If it enthral His GraceHis Grace is hunting across the Blackwater, Ned said, wondering how a man could live his whole life a few days scold from the Red Keep and still get hold of no notion what his king looked like. Ned was clad in a white linen doub all ow with the direwolf of Stark on the breast his black wool cloak was fastened at the arrest by his silver hand of office. Black and white and grey, all the shades of truth. I am Lord Eddard Stark, the Kings Hand. Tell me who you are and what you inhabit of these raiders.I keep . . . I kept . . . I kept an alehouse, mlord, in Sherrer, by the stone bridge. The finest ale south of the Neck, everyone said so, begging your pardons, mlord. Its gone now like all the rest, mlord. They come and drank their fill and spilled the rest sooner they fired my roof, and they would of spilled my blood too, if theyd caught me. Mlord.They burnt us out, a farthermostmer beside him said. Come riding in the dark, up from the south, and fired the fields and the houses alike, killing them as tried to closedown them. They werent no raiders, though, mlord. They had no mind to steal our stock, not these, they butchered my milk appal where she stood and left her for the flies and the crows.They rode down my prentice boy, said a squat man with a smiths muscles and a bandage around his head. He had entrap on his finest clothes to come to court, but his breeches were patched, his cloak unclean and dusty. Chased him hazard and forth across the fields on their horses, prod at him with their lances like it was a game, them laughing and the boy stumbling and screaming till the big one pierced him clean through.The girl on her knees craned her head up at Ned, high above her on the throne. They killed my m new(prenominal) too, Your Grace. And they . . . they . . . Her voice trailed off, as if she had forgotten what she was about to say. She began to sob.Ser Raymun Darry took up the tale. At Wendish Town, the people sought-after(a) shelter in their holdfast, but the walls were timbered. The raiders piled straw against the wood and burnt them all alive. When the Wendish folk opened their gates to flee the fire, they shot them down with arrows as they came running out, even women with suck ling babes.Oh, dreadful, murmured Varys. How cruel can men be?They would of make the same for us, but the Sherrer holdfasts made of stone, Joss said. Some wanted to stinkpot us out, but the big one said there was riper harvest upriver, and they made for the Mummers Ford.Ned could feel cold steel against his fingers as he leaned antecedent. between each finger was a blade, the evinces of twisted swords fanning out like talons from weapons of the throne. til now after three centuries, some were still sharp sufficient to cut. The Iron Throne was full of traps for the unwary. The songs said it had taken a meter blades to make it, heated white-hot in the furnace breath of Balerion the Black Dread. The pound sterling had taken fifty-nine days. The end of it was this hunched black beast made of razor edges and barbs and ribbons of sharp metal a chair that could kill a man, and had, if the stories could be believed.What Eddard Stark was doing sitting there he would never comprehen d, yet there he sat, and these people looked to him for justice. What proof do you have that these were Lannisters? he asked, trying to keep his fury under control. Did they wear crimson cloaks or fly a lion banner?Even Lannisters are not so blind stupid as that, Ser Marq genus Piper snapped. He was a swaggering bantam rooster of a youth, too young and too hot-blooded for Neds taste, though a fast friend of Catelyns brother, Edmure Tully.Every man among them was mounted and mailed, my lord, Ser Karyl dish uped calmly. They were armed with steel-tipped lances and longswords, with battle-axes for the butchering. He gestured toward one of the ragged survivors. You. Yes, you, no ones going to hurt you. Tell the Hand what you told me.The old man bobbed his head. Concerning their horses, he said, it were warhorses they rode. many a(prenominal) a year I worked in old Ser Willums stables, so I knows the difference. Not a one of these ever pulled a plow, gods bear feel if Im wrong.Well-m ounted brigands, observed Littlefinger. Perhaps they stole the horses from the last place they raided.How many men were there in this raiding party? Ned asked.A hundred, at the least, Joss answered, in the same instant as the bandaged smith said, Fifty, and the grandmother behind him, Hunnerds and hunnerds, mlord, an army they was.You are more right than you know, goodwoman, Lord Eddard told her. You say they flew no banners. What of the armor they wore? Did any of you note or linents or decorations, devices on shield or helm?The brewer, Joss, shook his head. It grieves me, mlord, but no, the armor they showed us was plain, only . . . the one who led them, he was armored like the rest, but there was no mistaking him all the same. It was the size of him, mlord. Those as say the giants are all dead never saw this one, I swear. Big as an ox he was, and a voice like stone breaking.The Mountain Ser Marq said loudly. Can any man doubt it? This was Gregor Cleganes work.Ned heard muttering from beneath the windows and the far end of the hall. Even in the galley, nervous whispers were exchanged. High lords and subalternfolk alike knew what it could mean if Ser Marq was proved right. Ser Gregor Clegane stood bannerman to Lord Tywin Lannister.He studied the frightened faces of the villagers. littler wonder they had been so fearful they had thought they were being dragged here to name Lord Tywin a red-handed butcher before a king who was his son by marriage. He wondered if the knights had given them a choice.Grand Maester Pycelle blush ponderously from the council table, his chain of office clinking. Ser Marq, with respect, you cannot know that this outlaw was Ser Gregor. There are many large men in the realm.As large as the Mountain That Rides? Ser Karyl said. I have never met one.Nor has any man here, Ser Raymun added hotly. Even his brother is a pup beside him. My lords, open your eyes. Do you need to see his seal on the corpses? It was Gregor.Why should Ser Gregor turn brigand? Pycelle asked. By the embroider of his liege lord, he holds a stout keep and lands of his own. The man is an anointed knight. A false knight Ser Marq said. Lord Tywins mad dog.My lord Hand, Pycelle declared in a stiff voice, I urge you to incite this good knight that Lord Tywin Lannister is the father of our own gracious queen.Thank you, Grand Maester Pycelle, Ned said. I fear we might have forgotten that if you had not pointed it out.From his vantage point atop the throne, he could see men slipping out the door at the far end of the hall. Hares going to ground, he supposed . . . or rats off to nibble the queens cheese. He caught a glimpse of Septa Mordane in the gallery, with his young lady Sansa beside her. Ned felt a flash of anger this was no place for a girl. But the septa could not have known that todays court would be anything but the usual tedious business of hearing petitions, settling disputes between touch on holdfasts, and adjudicating the placement of boundary stones.At the council table below, Petyr Baelish lost interest in his quill and leaned forward. Ser Marq, Ser Karyl, Ser Raymunperhaps I might ask you a question? These holdfasts were under your protection. Where were you when all this slaughtering and burning was going on?Ser Karyl Vance answered. I was attendance my lord father in the pass below the Golden Tooth, as was Ser Marq. When the word of these outrages reached Ser Edmure Tully, he sent word that we should take a small force of men to find what survivors we could and capture them to the king.Ser Raymun Darry spoke up. Ser Edmure had summoned me to Riverrun with all my aptitude. I was camped across the river from his walls, awaiting his commands, when the word reached me. By the time I could eliminate to my own lands, Clegane and his vermin were back across the Red assort, riding for Lannisters hills.Littlefinger stroked the point of his whiskers thoughtfully. And if they come again, ser?If they come again, w ell use their blood to water the fields they burnt, Ser Marq Piper declared hotly.Ser Edmure has sent men to every village and holdfast deep down a days ride of the border, Ser Karyl explained. The next raider pull up stakes not have such an easy time of it.And that may be precisely what Lord Tywin wants, Ned thought to himself, to bleed off strength from Riverrun, goad the boy into distribution his swords. His wifes brother was young, and more gallant than wise. He would try to hold every inch of his soil, to defend every man, woman, and child who named him lord, and Tywin Lannister was shrewd enough to know that.If your fields and holdfasts are safe from harm, Lord Petyr was saying, what then do you ask of the throne?The lords of the Trident keep the kings peace, Ser Raymun Darry said. The Lannisters have broken it. We ask leave to answer them, steel for steel. We ask justice for the smallfolk of Sherrer and Wendish Town and the Mummers Ford.Edmure confines, we must pay Gregor Clegane back his bloody coin, Ser Marq declared, but old Lord Hoster commanded us to come here and beg the kings leave before we unwrap.Thank the gods for old Lord Hoster, then. Tywin Lannister was as much fox as lion. If indeed hed sent Ser Gregor to burn and bareand Ned did not doubt that he hadhed taken care to see that he rode under cover of night, without banners, in the guise of a common brigand. Should Riverrun strike back, Cersei and her father would insist that it had been the Tullys who broke the kings peace, not the Lannisters. The gods only knew what Robert would believe.Grand Maester Pycelle was on his feet again. My lord Hand, if these good folk believe that Ser Gregor has forsaken his holy vows for plunder and rape, let them go to his liege lord and make their complaint. These crimes are no chafe of the throne. Let them seek Lord Tywins justice.It is all the kings justice, Ned told him. North, south, east, or west, all we do we do in Roberts name.The kings justice , Grand Maester Pycelle said. So it is, and so we should defer this matter until the kingThe king is hunting across the river and may not return for days, Lord Eddard said. Robert bid me to sit here in his place, to listen with his ears, and to spill the beans with his voice. I mean to do just that . . . though I agree that he must be told. He saw a acquainted(predicate) face beneath the tapestries. Ser Robar.Ser Robar Royce stepped forward and bowed. My lord.Your father is hunting with the king, Ned said. Will you bring them word of what was said and done here today?At once, my lord.Do we have your leave to take our vengeance against Ser Gregor, then? Marq Piper asked the throne.vengeance? Ned said. I thought we were speaking of justice. Burning Cleganes fields and slaughtering his people will not restore the kings peace, only your injured pride. He glanced away before the young knight could voice his outraged protest, and addressed the villagers. People of Sherrer, I cannot give you back your homes or your crops, nor can I restore your dead to life. But perhaps I can give you some small mea legitimate of justice, in the name of our king, Robert.Every eye in the hall was fixed on him, waiting. Slowly Ned struggled to his feet, pushing himself up from the throne with the strength of his arms, his shattered leg screaming inside its cast. He did his best to give the axe the pain it was no moment to let them see his weakness. The First custody believed that the judge who called for death should wield the sword, and in the north we hold to that still. I mislike sending another to do my killing . . . yet it seems I have no choice. He gestured at his broken leg.Lord Eddard The shout came from the west side of the hall as a handsome stripling of a boy strode forth boldly. Out of his armor, Ser Loras Tyrell looked even younger than his sixteen years. He wore pale blue silk, his belt a linked chain of well-to-do roses, the sigil of his foretoken. I beg you the ho nor of acting in your place. Give this labor movement to me, my lord, and I swear I shall not fail you.Littlefinger chuckled. Ser Loras, if we send you off alone, Ser Gregor will send us back your head with a plum stuffed in that pretty mouth of yours. The Mountain is not the sort to hunker his neck to any mans justice.I do not fear Gregor Clegane, Ser Loras said haughtily.Ned eased himself slowly back onto the hard iron seat of Aegons misshapen throne. His eyes searched the faces along the wall. Lord Beric, he called out. Thoros of Myr. Ser Gladden. Lord Lothar. The men named stepped forward one by one. Each of you is to assemble twenty men, to bring my word to Gregors keep. Twenty of my own guards shall go with you. Lord Beric Dondarrion, you shall have the command, as befits your rank.The young lord with the red-gold hair bowed. As you command, Lord Eddard.Ned raised his voice, so it carried to the far end of the throne room. In the name of Robert of the House Baratheon, the Fi rst of his Name, King of the Andals and the Rhoynar and the First Men, Lord of the Seven Kingdoms and Protector of the Realm, by the word of Eddard of the House Stark, his Hand, I charge you to ride to the westlands with all haste, to cross the Red Fork of the Trident under the kings flag, and there bring the kings justice to the false knight Gregor Clegane, and to all those who shared in his crimes. I denounce him, and attaint him, and strip him of all rank and titles, of all lands and incomes and holdings, and do sentence him to death. May the gods take grieve on his soul.When the echo of his words had died away, the Knight of Flowers seemed perplexed. Lord Eddard, what of me?Ned looked down on him. From on high, Loras Tyrell seemed almost as young as Robb. No one doubts your valor, Ser Loras, but we are about justice here, and what you seek is vengeance. He looked back to Lord Beric. Ride at first light. These things are best done quickly. He held up a hand. The throne will hear no more petitions today.Alyn and Porther climbed the steep iron steps to help him back down. As they made their descent, he could feel Loras Tyrells sullen stare, but the boy had stalked away before Ned reached the floor of the throne room.At the base of the Iron Throne, Varys was gathering papers from the council table. Littlefinger and Grand Maester Pycelle had already taken their leave. You are a bolder man than I, my lord, the eunuch said softly.How so, Lord Varys? Ned asked brusquely. His leg was throbbing, and he was in no mood for word games.Had it been me up there, I should have sent Ser Loras. He so wanted to go . . . and a man who has the Lannisters for his enemies would do well to make the Tyrells his friends.Ser Loras is young, said Ned. I daresay he will grow the letdown.And Ser Ilyn? The eunuch stroked a plump, powdered cheek. He is the Kings Justice, after all. Sending other men to do his office . . . some might construe that as a grave insult.No slight was intende d. In truth, Ned did not trust the mute knight, though perhaps that was only because he misliked executioners. I remind you, the Paynes are bannermen to House Lannister. I thought it best to choose men who owed Lord Tywin no fealty.Very prudent, no doubt, Varys said. Still, I chanced to see Ser Ilyn in the back of the hall, staring at us with those pale eyes of his, and I must say, he did not look pleased, though to be sure it is hard to tell with our silent knight. I hope he outgrows his disappointment as well. He does so love his work . . .