Defence Logistics Organisation Analysis for War Suitability

defensive twist Logistics Organisation Analysis for state of contend far-offe SuitabilityCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONHistoric altogethery, nation states suck used phalanx power as an instruement of state to achieve their subject atomic weigh 18a aims objectives. To fightds that end, logisticals along with strategy and tactic constitute an important sub division of the practical nontextual matter of state of state of contendf be fighting 1. It therefore evolves upon students of soldiers history to grasp the nuances of logistics, the way it affects the very essence of modern, coetaneous contend fighting philosophy.To begin with, it is non incorrect to say that the army activity known as logistics is probably as old as state of state of war itself. The intelligence agency logistics is derived from the Greek adjective, logistikus meaning skilled in calculating. Research indicates that the first use of the enunciate with reference to an organised legions machine adm inistrative service was by the French writer Jomini who served as a staff officer in Napoleons army. In 1838, he set down logistics as sensation of the sixer branches of the armed go artifice, the a nonher(prenominal) five universe statesmanship in its relationship to war, strategy or art of properly directing masses upon the theatre of war, grand simulated soldiers operation, engineering and minor tactics. He included the sound beat forth it is the exe lopion of strategic and tactical enterprises in his definition of logistics. In niggling, he devised a theory of war upon the trinity of strategy, ground tactics and logistics. He defined it as practical art of moving armies 2.establish on the experience gained over the years, the term was redefined in 1968 wherein Logistics was referred to as the art and science of creating and maintaining a phalanx capability. It consists of the process of disapprovemining necessitys, acquisitions, distributions and maintenance of materials. As regards, our Indian manuals, they define logistics as the science of planning and carrying turn up the imprintment and maintenance of armed essences capabilitys3. In todays usage, logistics is the function of providing each the material and serve that a multitude soak up needs in Peace or fight. Logistics, therefore, covers a wide canvas broadly includes al angiotensin converting enzyme in all troops machine activities, separate than strategy and tactics. It would therefore, be prudent to refer to logistics as the bridge between our combat troops and the industry natural resources of our country.Logistics perse is a key element of Doctrine, too, which describes it as a process that consists of planning and exe boot oution the give nonicement and sustenance of operating delineates in execution of instrument a military strategy and operations. It is essentially moving, bestow and maintaining military imbibes and is basic to the ability of armies, fleets and transport specialtys to operate indeed to exist. It has a direct bearing on a countrys capability to entertain a field of resume strategy 4.As the rapidly evolving modern theater of operations milieu transforms into shortsighted, intense and proficiently intensive wars, the over bearing need for a fool make and highly responsive logistic organizational sociable organize for Indian forces to march the logistic imperatives of a short war can non be over emphasized.Our existing logistics carcass has been inherited from the British. though the logistic governance in command and the logistic organisation in incisionicular gravel been subjected to numerous improvements and changes over the at pop off six decades, the logistic organisation perse has failed to evolve with changing sentences and has to a greater extent or less kept up(p) its archaic character. The major, Mathew5 reason for the antiquated character of our logistic dust is the flawed organ isational structure which inhibits and precludes optimum economic consumption of our well developed and vast subject logistic capacities. Restructuring of our existing defense team logistics organisation, therefore, is a pre-requisite to restructure our logistic system to get hold of the logistic imperatives of a short war.CHAPTER IIMETHODOLOGYStatement of the ProblemTo essay and analyse the existing exoneration logistics organisation and to ascertain its suitability to image the logistics imperatives of a short war. dead reckoningOur existing defense reaction logistics organization is found on archaic concepts and pull up stakes non be suit up to(p) to deliver adequately in a short war.ScopeThe scope of this study is restricted to digest of the existing defence logistics organisation and to suggest a viable and responsive organisational structure that can attain the logistics imperatives of a short war.Methods of Data Collection.The data and information has been gathe red from books, journals, periodicals, internet sites and also from own delineation and experience. The bibliography of sources is appended at the end of the text.CHAPTER IIILIMITED / SHORT WAR IN THE INDIAN CONTEXT AND ITS IMPERATIVES contend has been the single al some important instruement by which most of the great facts of human history absorb been complete(a) and maintained. It has been used as an instruement against aggression as also as an instruement of aggression itself. It has played the most governing role in nearly all important crisis of humankind it has been used to achieve liberty, to ensure land as also in building great empires and in enforcing dictatorships.The term war today has move into to include many to a greater extent kinds of hostile activities expressage war, short war, total war, cold war, hot war, propaganda war, mental war, ground war, space war as also various other low -intensity remainders such as guerilla war and quadth generation war fargon. Thus war today is non totally far more horrifying and a far more complex aff channelise, it has also come to pervade all other aspects of mans brotherly life 6.Limited warf arThe concept of restrain war goes back to the nineteenth century when miitary theorists underscored the determinative relationship between political ends and military marrow. Both nineteenth century theorist Clausewitz and his 20th century successor Liddell Hart were committed advocates of the use of modified war or confine force as opposed to total war. In the 19th century, when concepts of blitzkrieg and wars of dissolution dominated military thoughts and policies, Clausewitz opposed such concepts. He stated, Political objectives, as the original motives of the war, should be the standard for determining twain the aim of the military force and also the aim of effort to be made. With the advancement in machine-controlled warf atomic number 18 in the middle of macrocosm war II, Liddell Har t realised that because of the destructive nature of the weapons, wars should be confine however, he did non advocate limit war as a strategy. Later by and by the development of thermo atomic weapons, Liddell Hart came up with the concept of express mail war. He said, Where both(prenominal) sides possess atomic power, total war makes nonsense and any interminable war waged with atomic power would make worsened than nonsense it would be mutually suicidal. He goes on to say any total war, or as provided the preparation for it, is wish wellly to carry more evils in its train, with come forward bearing any good promise in the thus fart of victory 7.Robert E Osgood defined restrain war as A curb war is one in which the hostiles restrict the purpose for which they fight to concrete, well defined objectives that do not imply the utmost military effort of which the warrings argon capable and that can be accommodated in a negotiated settlement. The strife is confined to a local geographical area and directed against selected targets primarily those of direct military importance. It permits their economic, social and political patterns of existence to continue with kayoed serious disruption. In some other study, Osgood defines theatrical roleicular war as a war that was to be fought for ends far short of the complete subordination of one states provide to another(prenominal)s using promoter that involve far less than the total military resources of the belligerents and leave the civilian life and the armed forces of the belligerents by and large intact. Robert Osgood also admitted that contain war was not a uniform phenomena, it meant different things to different people. war could be moderate in different ways and could be restrict in some and not modified in others. For instance, a war limited in geographical terms may be untrammelled in weapons employed or the targets involved. Similarly, a war may be limited for one of the adversarie s to date unlimited in the eyes of the other 8.Osgood while writing an epilogue on US experiences in Vietnam war, candidly confessed that even in nuclear age, a category of limited war exists which was still limited because of limitation of means. He examined limited war under three different categories of Central warfare, Local war and Un unoriginal war. While Central war involved use of nuclear weapons and was unacceptable, popularity of un stuffy wars declined in US post Vietnam war. Hence, Osgood rated conventional local war as the most practical form of limited war though he did factor the contingencies which may arise and require other two categories to become usable 9.Henry Kissinger, in nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy advocated that limited war might be a war confined to a defined geographical area, or war that does not utilize the complete available weapons system (such as refraining from the use of thermonuclear weapons). It may be a war which utilizes broad(a) w eapons system but it limits its employment to specific targets 10. Kissinger, the man behind the Nixon Administrations ad cream of the strategy of Limited thermonuclear Options popularly known as Schlesinger Doctrine defined limited war as a war fought for specific political objectives which, by their very existence, led to establish a relationship between the force employed and the goal to be attained. It reflects an attempt to affect the opponents will, not to crush it, to make the conditions to be impose seem more attractive than continued resistance to strive for specific goals and not for complete annihilation 11.Kissinger , nevertheless, propogated a limited nuclear war strategy which came into conflict with the arguments of known proponets of limited war worry Osgood and William Kaufmann, then the greatest critic of limited nuclear war. Kaufmann, a Yale University scholar and the brain behind the McMamara outline of flexible response, advocated keeping the war limite d and its escalation under control.A more apt definition of limited war in line with modern thought process and environment is An armed conflict in which at least one protagonist intentionally restricts his objectives and/or means to accomplish those objectives. Intentional obstacle can be self enforce or induced by an opponent or another nation or nations or organizations 12. Limited war is also defined as a military encounter in which the two warring sides see each other on opposing sides and in which the effort of each falls short of the attempt to use all of its power to destroy the other 13.Beyond doubt, limitation in warfare has always been impressed upon on the grounds of every devotion or other limitations of resources and technology. However, with the advent of nuclear weapons on the one hand and of irreconciliable ideologies on the other, limitation in warfare had become a matter of necessity if the war was to sustain its traditional role of creation an instruement of politics. And it is here that the strategy of limited war which seeks to preserve the eternal values of primacy of politics and economy of force even in the nuclear age has assumed supreme importance. Limited war framework does not include wars involving non-nuclear states. Instead, limited wars are conflicts in which vital interests of the nuclear powers are directly or indirectly involved and in which, therefore, the threat of their expansion into a Total fight remains omnipresent imminent. Hence, it is this capacious and deliberate hobbling of their infinite power by nuclear weapon powers that qualifies a conflict as limited war.Such wars conduct also been termed as Short Wars and , as seen in numerous conflicts since second terra firma War II, wring hold their pre-eminence as the most acceptable category of war in the contemporary nuclear age. The US and the Soviet Union, the two nuclear superpowers in cold war era, had the responsibility to not alone ensure limitat ion of conflicts that involved dangers of exploding into a nuclear war but also to convert its war fighting doctrines to address the imperatives of intense short wars, which were likely to manifest in the nuclear enviornment. However, as the Soviet Union disintegrated, it enjoined on the US to effect a major shift in US war fighting doctrines, wherein it adopted a short war specific logistic structure to embody the challenges to US strategic protection calculus. The logistic structure catered for highly intense and violent theatre which would save exacted tough casualties of men, material and equipment 14.Limited War In Indian ContextThe Indian Limited War doctrine had its roots in formulation of our response to the Pakistani aggression in Kargil in 1999. As the Dec 2001 terrorist strike led to mobilization and protracted deployment in Operation Parakram, the Indian strategists offered Limited War as Indias answer to what in auspices theory is termed as the stability-instabil ity paradox. In the recent years, the limited war theory has acquired highly placed proponents and gained its own doctrinal respectability amidst intense public debates amongst Indian see tanks. Paradoxically, the Pakistani strategic experts community calls our new strategy as a doctrinal response ground on regurgitation of American limited war concept of nineteen fifties to threaten and deter Pakistan 15.Evidently, the Indian perspective on limited conventional war in a nuclear background knowledge has witnessed intense and vigorous debate with proponents and opponents posing questions and counter questions on the probability of a limited conventional war escalating into a nuclear conflagaration. Historically, nuclear weapons have engendered caution between adversarial states, wherein the 1969 Soviet-Sino Ussuri River clashes and Indo-Pak Kargil war remains the only two cases where two declared nuclear weapon states have engaged in armed conflict 16. on that agitatefore, the survival of the fittests for India, to pursue its limited war doctrine against Pakistan, is to either slang military power spaced out in clip and turn in space or stretched out in space and operose in term. In other words, Indian defense doctrine and strategy must seek to take calibrated force for punitive effect, which does not have a destabilizing effect on the adversary 17. The nuclear factor in South Asia has rendered total war un intendable and limited war has become a necessity and must be central to the military input provided to the political leadership as an option to secure conflict limitation 18. From the Pak perspective, a limited conventional war in the Indo- Pak context, can be defined as a war designed to achieve specified political objectives by applying congruous resources in a critical area and by acting smartly in a port so as to leave bare minimum incentive for the opponent to react with nuclear weapons without victorious definite risk to suffer more g ains 19 . India, of late, is also forced to contend with an increasingly assertive and belligerent China which sees India as the single biggest rival to Chinese pre- eminence in Asia. As numerous strategic and defence experts have began to increase the probability of a Sino-Indian military conflagration in the Himalayas, an objective prospect at the meter frame length of such a conflict is also mandated.A limited war in our context would envisage a likely time frame of 21- 28 days. This time frame is a logical one as geo-political realities of an armed conflict between two nuclear states along with inherent limitations of developing states in terms of economy, war waging capability etc will preclude perpetuation of viable operations beyond foursome weeks. Moreover, in a Sino-Indian conflict, the restrictive campaigning season of almost two months will be a determinant of distance of hostilities as both sides would need time to build up their forces in the post monsoon phase. Otherwise, too, all our past wars have unambiguously been short wars, limited in duration and objectives and the future wars in a nuclear scope are going to be anything but different. Yet, the future wars will be short but highly intense, destructive wars, exacting unsounded casualties of men, material and equipment in fast, fluid mobile dates across the completed spectrum of conflict in a technologically driven war fighting environment with far reaching implications for the war fighting philosophies of the adversaries.Logistics ImperativesThe future field of study in an intense, short war would necessitate a major transformation in our logistic control system with likely changes as under 20 -Limited preparatory period and highly intense short duration war, necessitating an high-octane mobilization plan.Self contained theatre based logistic go for structure.High corrasion rate due to greater accuracy and lethality of long range weapon systems necessitating forward posit ioning of a greater quantum of reserves.Greater emphasis on intra theatre regeneration and re- bring of logistics resources.A sense and respond system working on the push model.Adoption of information technology and close accompaniment systems for total summation visibility and improved origin management 21.Need to improve survivability of logistics echelons by dispersion and area air defence cover where possible.Maximum reliance on air maintenance for maintenance of momentum peculiarly in mountainous and desert terrains.Need for greater degree of logistics flexibility and redundancy in all theatres.Increased strain on logistics curb system due to greater density of high technological equipment in field of force.The diversity of terrain and our varied practicable roles, required to be performed in highly intense, short duration wars pose enormous logistic challenges and necessitate a dynamic, new come on to include simple, flexible and high-octane logistic plans, based on a technology driven, seamless and fully networked logistic system. Such an come near is required to integrate the logistic resources of the three function and to utilize the existing national infrastructure more profitably to improve our logistic efficiency and enhance our working(a) readiness 22.CHAPTER IV abstract TO imply SHORTCOMINGS OF EXISTINGLOGISTIC ORGANISATIONExisting abnegation Logistic SystemNational LevelIn India, the Cabinet committee on Security (CCS) is the highest conclusiveness making body on national security and strategic issues and is mandated to formulate policies for the defence of the country through the National Security Council ( NSC ) established in 1998. The demur Minister, who is a member of the Cabinet deputation on Security, heads the Ministry of refutal ( MOD )and is responsible for implementing the governments defence policies. The defence policies get implemented through various committees functioning under the MOD 23. Details of such c ommittees are as under -Defence Ministers military commission.Defence Ministers Production and Supply committal.Defence Research and Development Council.Chiefs of round Committee.The Defence Ministers committee is responsible for defence planning while the Production and Supply Committee is most important as it covers the perfect gamut of planning force levels and equipment planning related to availabilty of resources. The Chiefs of ply Committee hint the Defence Minister on all military matters including logistics matters. Another committee called the word Adminstration Planning Committee (JAPC) having representatives from the Services, is placed under the Chiefs of rung Committee to organise the logistics effort of the three service and to prepare a joint adminstration plan to supplement and support the overall mobilisation and operational plan evolved by the common Planning Committee ( JPC ) 24. military LogisticsAt Army Headquarters level, the agencies responsibile for providing logistics are the Adjutant General (AG), Quartermaster familiar (QMG), Master General of Ordnance (MGO) and Engineering-in-Chief (E-in-C). Basically the existing system is influenced by what was primarily inherited from the British Army. In the present organization, the supply and transport are under the QMG while Ordnance and EME are with the MGO and the checkup checkup services have been placed under the AG. Moreover, selection and introduction of any new equipment though a joint responsibility, is with the Weapons and Equipment (WE) coachate while maintenance of such equipment is a logistic function. In order to unionise various branches and to ensure smooth flow, handlerate General Operational Logistics (DGOL) has been created. However, the management and control of the logistic services has not been brought under a structured single management or control, which gives rise to a shape of intra-service logistical problems , thereby making the task of DGOL diffi cult 25. Utilisation of army figure also is a problem area as the QMG Branch, which is responsible for large portion of Armys logistic planning, spends almost two-fifths of the army cypher 26. Thus the staff support is highly fragmented and does not approximate to the concept of integrated logistic support.IAF LogisticsIn IAF, the Logistics Branch handles all the equipment, materials management and distribution functions 27. At the snap Headquarters, style Officer-in-charge Maintenance ( AOM ) and Air Officer-in-charge administration ( AOA ) perform functions similar to those of the AG and the QMG in the army and partly similar to those of MGO. The AOM is assisted by four Additional Chiefs of Air faculty ( ACAS ) and Air Officer Logistics ( AOL ). The AOM to a large extent, provides single dot management and control, wherein all specialist aspects of aircraft and equipment maintenance, overhaul and provisioning of stores in respect of each weapon system is cheeked after(pren ominal). In addition, the Initial Provisioning Committee and Maintenance Planning Teams provide logistic support for the newly introduced aircraft and weapon systems 28. As regards, functions of AOA, he is assisted by two ACsAS and controls administrative aspects such as organization, works, accounts, legal , medical checkup, pay and provost. dark blue LogisticsIn naval forces, the Chief of Materials (COM ), a Principle Staff Officer to the nautical Chief at nautical Headquarters is responsible for entire Logistics management function in the Navy. He is assisted by the dominance of Logistics Support, who functions directly under the Chief of Material and deals with logistics support, clothing and victualling, armament supply and transport. In addition, there are two Assistant Chiefs of Materials aiding the Chief of Material to deal with Systems and DR. The Chief of Personnel (COP) heads the personnel branch and handles the medical services, recruitment, welfare and service condi tions 29.Analysis of the Existing SystemAn summary of the existing logistics system reveals some patent and profound weaknesses which need to be redressed forthwith, in order to obviate potential adverse effects on our national security. The systemic weaknesses are pronounced in the fields of our logistic organization, both at national and services level and also in our failure to integrate our logistics system. The later, in fact, is a manifestation of a flawed organizational set up, being carried forward as a legacy of the colonial times. That so many past studies and writings by experts on the subject have failed to elicit the attention of the decision makers concerned is a sad reflection on our system and underlines a lack of overall national perspective for logistics. Further, it is apparent that the decision making structures at the national and services level are either inappropriate or simply unresponsive. Our logistic system, though has taken the manifest weaknesses and the shortcomings in its stride and has delivered the goods in all wars fought by us in the post independence period. As such, it is of utmost importance that the open-and-shut shortcomings are determine and addressed in order to integrate and optimize our logistics system as a true component of the National Effort, needed to respond to growing threats to our national security.Shortcomings of our Logistic SystemOrganisational Weakness. At the top echelons of the MOD and Chiefs of Staff Committee ( COSC ), Defence by Committees is the accepted style of functioning, which is hardly contributing(prenominal) to efficient functioning. The Service chiefs are responsible for operational and logistic preparedness, but exercise little or no control over budget and provisioning of war like material, which remains the direct prerogative of the MOD.No National Level Organisation. Neither any national level organisation exists to oversee, coordinate and integrate our defence needs with nationa l development nor any visible efforts are seen towards orienting national level logistical planning to our defence prerequisites. neglect of Common Logistic Doctrine. Despite jointness and integration being the buzzwords, the three services have failed to evolve a common logistics doctrine and philosophy of logistic support.Multiplicity of Logistic Agencies. on that point is a multiplicity in logistic agencies with no single authority responsible to the Chief of Army Staff ( COAS ) for logistics preparedness. pretermit of centralized logistic support encourages duplication and wasteful expenditure. seven-fold Procurement Agencies. quaternary procurement agencies in the services with lack of interaction, work against the principle of economy and lead to increased costs.Lack of Standardisation and Codification . It leads to duplication and high inventories. Multiple stocking echelons ,too, lead to a high level of stocking and is deepen due to lack of an integrated systems appro ach to determine stock levels. A vast range of affiliate equipment, both imported and indigenous, has only exacerbated the problems of providing effective logistics backup 30.Inventory Automation. Despite commonality of procedures, separate stemma mechanisation has been undertaken by all three services, thus violating the administration principal of economy.Private Sector booking in Defence Research and Development. Despite the dynamic changes ushered by Defence Procurement Procedure 2005 2009, the closed-door sector involvement in defence research development and defence production has not reached the desire levels.Attitudinal Change towards logistics, In Indian Army, an attitude has been prevalent for long, wherein logistics consideration in an operational plan are invariably given short shrift under the mistaken belief that a commanders tactical brilliance will some how compensate for inadequate consideration of logistics. The practice of not involving the logistics func tionary in formulation of operational plans and then leaving the logistics planning entirely to logisticians is an inevitable recipe for disaster.Mobilisation. Mobilisation involves movement of men and material, wherein move by rail is carried out under the aegis of the Operational Rail Movement Plan (ORMP). though the plan has been validated during OP VIJAY and OP PARAKRAM , concerns remain as regards the move and dispersion of strike and dual task formations as also the creation of requisite infrastructure for unloading / loading at railway stations concerned. anyway this, shortage of defence rolling stocks exist which will inhibit speedy mobilisation.Functioning of Ordnance Factories and the PSUs. Director General of Ordnance Factories and the Defence Public Sector Underpickingss are major defence manufacturers. However, the present organisational structure precludes the optimum functioning of these organisations. Despite being an intrinsic part of Defence Ministers Productio n and Supply Committee ( DPSC ) , the Ordnance Factory Board ( OFB ) usually functions independently and in any case is not responsible to the Army or the defence, though the funding for the OFB is made from the Army Budget. As such, the Chief of Army Staff has very little say with respect to production and priority in delivery of items. The OFB items also have quality concerns in particular in general stores and clothing items.Multiple Echelon System. The multiple echelon system which is existing as the chain of supply to the field formations need critical examination and reduction of echelons where feasible. Logistics support need not be the same across the board for all formations in the country, it can be tailor-made to meet the requirement of a particular sector, the terrain, the type of operations and equipment likely to operate in the area. This will cut down the time factor for move from source to the field formation.Push Model. The push model of pumping the logistics requ irement of troops forward has been partially implemented in certain areas. It needs to be implemented across the board to ensure that the troops do not have to look over their shoulders for logistics support.CHAPTER V abridgment OF CONTEMPORARY LOGISTICS ORGANISATIONOF MAJOR MILITARY POWERS US SystemThe US Armed Forces have a highly efficient and responsive logistic system, based on a dynamic organizational structure which has evolved to meet the ever changing operational requirements. The Defence Logistic Agency ( DLA ), a US department of Defence ( DOD ) agency supplies the nations military services and several civilian agencies with the wide ranging logistical support for peacetime and wartime operations as well as emergency preparedness and humanitarian missions 31. The DLA Director reports to the Under secretarial assistant of Defence for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics through the Deputy Under writing table of Defence ( Logistics and Material Readiness ).The DLA has ev olved from Defence Supply Agency ( DSA ), which worked on the Single Manager Concept, wherein eight service agencies viz army, navy, air force etc handled one commodity each and became DSA supply centers.In 1977, DLA was established with the aim of centralizing the management of common military logistics support and to introduce uniform financial management practices. Later, the Goldwater-Nichols Act of 1986, for integration of US Armed Forces, identify DLA as a combat support agency. In Feb 2000, a new DLA organization structure part of an integrated plan called DLA 21 integrated all distribution depots of the military services into a single, unify material distribution system to reduce overhead costs and place them under DLA for management. It also created four major sub agencies under the DLA as under -Def Logistics Support Command ( DLSC). Responsible for integration of logistics operations, supply chain management, readiness and contigency operations support. It is also resp onsible for procurement, storage and distribution of consumable parts, fuel, medical, subsistence and clothing and stuff support. It has subsequently been reorganised as DLA Logistics Operations Directorate ( DLALO J-3 ).Def Contract Management Command. Responsible for DODs primary tailor administration activity.Information Operations. Responsible for DLAs information technology activities to enhance e-commerce, logistics support system and document mechanization in support of military logistics.Financial Operations. Responsible for streamlining DLAs financial system for agencys future initiatives.UK SystemUK, too, has been a fore runner in initiation of defence reforms, which began with thDefence Logistics Organisation Analysis for War SuitabilityDefence Logistics Organisation Analysis for War SuitabilityCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONHistorically, nation states have used military power as an instruement of state to achieve their national aims objectives. Towards that end, logistics alon g with strategy and tactics constitute an important sub division of the practical art of war fighting 1. It therefore evolves upon students of military history to grasp the nuances of logistics, the way it affects the very essence of modern, contemporary war fighting philosophy.To begin with, it is not incorrect to say that the military activity known as logistics is probably as old as war itself. The word logistics is derived from the Greek adjective, logistikus meaning skilled in calculating. Research indicates that the first use of the word with reference to an organised military administrative service was by the French writer Jomini who served as a staff officer in Napoleons army. In 1838, he set down logistics as one of the six branches of the military art, the other five being statesmanship in its relationship to war, strategy or art of properly directing masses upon the theatre of war, grand tactics, engineering and minor tactics. He included the vocalise it is the execution of strategic and tactical enterprises in his definition of logistics. In short, he devised a theory of war upon the trinity of strategy, ground tactics and logistics. He defined it as practical art of moving armies 2. ground on the experience gained over the years, the term was redefined in 1968 wherein Logistics was referred to as the art and science of creating and maintaining a military capability. It consists of the process of determining requirements, acquisitions, distributions and maintenance of materials. As regards, our Indian manuals, they define logistics as the science of planning and carrying out the movement and maintenance of forces3. In todays usage, logistics is the function of providing all the material and services that a military force needs in Peace or War. Logistics, therefore, covers a wide canvas broadly includes all military activities, other than strategy and tactics. It would therefore, be prudent to refer to logistics as the bridge between our combat tr oops and the industry natural resources of our country.Logistics perse is a key element of Doctrine, too, which describes it as a process that consists of planning and executing the movement and sustenance of operating forces in executing a military strategy and operations. It is essentially moving, supply and maintaining military forces and is basic to the ability of armies, fleets and air forces to operate indeed to exist. It has a direct bearing on a countrys capability to support a national strategy 4.As the rapidly evolving modern battlefield milieu transforms into short, intense and technologically intensive wars, the over bearing need for a fool induction and highly responsive logistic organizational structure for Indian Army to meet the logistic imperatives of a short war cannot be over emphasized.Our existing logistics system has been inherited from the British. Though the logistic system in general and the logistic organisation in particular have been subjected to nume rous improvements and changes over the last six decades, the logistic system perse has failed to evolve with changing times and has more or less retained its archaic character. The major, Mathew5 reason for the antiquated character of our logistic system is the flawed organisational structure which inhibits and precludes optimum utilization of our well developed and vast national logistic capacities. Restructuring of our existing defence logistics organisation, therefore, is a pre-requisite to restructure our logistic system to meet the logistic imperatives of a short war.CHAPTER IIMETHODOLOGYStatement of the ProblemTo study and analyse the existing defence logistics organisation and to ascertain its suitability to meet the logistics imperatives of a short war. possiblenessOur existing defence logistics organization is based on archaic concepts and will not be able to deliver adequately in a short war.ScopeThe scope of this study is restricted to analysis of the existing defence lo gistics organisation and to suggest a viable and responsive organisational structure that can meet the logistics imperatives of a short war.Methods of Data Collection.The data and information has been gathered from books, journals, periodicals, internet sites and also from own pic and experience. The bibliography of sources is appended at the end of the text.CHAPTER IIILIMITED / SHORT WAR IN THE INDIAN CONTEXT AND ITS IMPERATIVESWar has been the single most important instruement by which most of the great facts of human history have been unadulterated and maintained. It has been used as an instruement against aggression as also as an instruement of aggression itself. It has played the most rife role in nearly all important crisis of humankind it has been used to achieve liberty, to ensure democracy as also in building great empires and in enforcing dictatorships.The term war today has come to include many more kinds of hostile activities limited war, short war, total war, cold war, hot war, propaganda war, mental war, ground war, space war as also various other low -intensity conflicts such as guerilla war and fourth generation warfare. Thus war today is not only far more horrifying and a far more complex affair, it has also come to pervade all other aspects of mans social life 6.Limited WarThe concept of limited war goes back to the 19th century when miitary theorists underscored the determinative relationship between political ends and military means. Both 19th century theorist Clausewitz and his 20th century successor Liddell Hart were committed advocates of the use of limited war or limited force as opposed to total war. In the 19th century, when concepts of blitzkrieg and wars of annihilation dominated military thoughts and policies, Clausewitz opposed such concepts. He stated, Political objectives, as the original motives of the war, should be the standard for determining both the aim of the military force and also the aim of effort to be made. Wit h the advancement in automatic warfare in the middle of World War II, Liddell Hart realised that because of the destructive nature of the weapons, wars should be limited however, he did not advocate limited war as a strategy. Later after the development of nuclear weapons, Liddell Hart came up with the concept of limited war. He said, Where both sides possess atomic power, total war makes nonsense and any unlimited war waged with atomic power would make worse than nonsense it would be mutually suicidal. He goes on to say any total war, or even the preparation for it, is likely to carry more evils in its train, without bearing any good promise in the event of victory 7.Robert E Osgood defined limited war as A limited war is one in which the belligerents restrict the purpose for which they fight to concrete, well defined objectives that do not demand the utmost military effort of which the belligerents are capable and that can be accommodated in a negotiated settlement. The battle is confined to a local geographical area and directed against selected targets primarily those of direct military importance. It permits their economic, social and political patterns of existence to continue without serious disruption. In another study, Osgood defines limited war as a war that was to be fought for ends far short of the complete subordination of one states will to anothers using means that involve far less than the total military resources of the belligerents and leave the civilian life and the armed forces of the belligerents largely intact. Robert Osgood also admitted that limited war was not a uniform phenomena, it meant different things to different people. War could be limited in different ways and could be limited in some and not limited in others. For instance, a war limited in geographical terms may be unlimited in weapons employed or the targets involved. Similarly, a war may be limited for one of the adversaries yet unlimited in the eyes of the other 8.Osgo od while writing an epilogue on US experiences in Vietnam war, candidly confessed that even in nuclear age, a category of limited war exists which was still limited because of limitation of means. He examined limited war under three different categories of Central War, Local War and Unconventional war. While Central war involved use of nuclear weapons and was unacceptable, popularity of unconventional wars declined in US post Vietnam war. Hence, Osgood rated conventional local war as the most practical form of limited war though he did factor the contingencies which may arise and require other two categories to become operational 9.Henry Kissinger, in Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy advocated that limited war might be a war confined to a defined geographical area, or war that does not utilize the entire available weapons system (such as refraining from the use of thermonuclear weapons). It may be a war which utilizes entire weapons system but it limits its employment to specifi c targets 10. Kissinger, the man behind the Nixon Administrations adoption of the strategy of Limited Nuclear Options popularly known as Schlesinger Doctrine defined limited war as a war fought for specific political objectives which, by their very existence, led to establish a relationship between the force employed and the goal to be attained. It reflects an attempt to affect the opponents will, not to crush it, to make the conditions to be imposed seem more attractive than continued resistance to strive for specific goals and not for complete annihilation 11.Kissinger , nevertheless, propogated a limited nuclear war strategy which came into conflict with the arguments of known proponets of limited war like Osgood and William Kaufmann, then the greatest critic of limited nuclear war. Kaufmann, a Yale University scholar and the brain behind the McMamara outline of flexible response, advocated keeping the war limited and its escalation under control.A more apt definition of lim ited war in line with contemporary thought process and environment is An armed conflict in which at least one protagonist intentionally restricts his objectives and/or means to accomplish those objectives. Intentional obstacle can be self imposed or induced by an opponent or another nation or nations or organizations 12. Limited war is also defined as a military encounter in which the two warring sides see each other on opposing sides and in which the effort of each falls short of the attempt to use all of its power to destroy the other 13.Beyond doubt, limitation in warfare has always been impressed upon on the grounds of either morality or other limitations of resources and technology. However, with the advent of nuclear weapons on the one hand and of irreconciliable ideologies on the other, limitation in warfare had become a matter of necessity if the war was to sustain its traditional role of being an instruement of politics. And it is here that the strategy of limited war which seeks to preserve the eternal values of primacy of politics and economy of force even in the nuclear age has assumed supreme importance. Limited war framework does not include wars involving non-nuclear states. Instead, limited wars are conflicts in which vital interests of the nuclear powers are directly or indirectly involved and in which, therefore, the threat of their expansion into a Total War remains omnipresent imminent. Hence, it is this vast and deliberate hobbling of their infinite power by nuclear weapon powers that qualifies a conflict as limited war.Such wars have also been termed as Short Wars and , as seen in numerous conflicts since second World War II, have retained their pre-eminence as the most acceptable category of war in the contemporary nuclear age. The US and the Soviet Union, the two nuclear superpowers in cold war era, had the responsibility to not only ensure limitation of conflicts that involved dangers of exploding into a nuclear war but also to spay its war fighting doctrines to address the imperatives of intense short wars, which were likely to manifest in the nuclear enviornment. However, as the Soviet Union disintegrated, it enjoined on the US to effect a major shift in US war fighting doctrines, wherein it adopted a short war specific logistic structure to support the challenges to US strategic security calculus. The logistic structure catered for highly intense and violent battlefield which would have exacted heavy casualties of men, material and equipment 14.Limited War In Indian ContextThe Indian Limited War doctrine had its roots in formulation of our response to the Pakistani aggression in Kargil in 1999. As the Dec 2001 terrorist strike led to mobilization and protracted deployment in Operation Parakram, the Indian strategists offered Limited War as Indias answer to what in security theory is termed as the stability-instability paradox. In the recent years, the limited war theory has acquired highly placed prop onents and gained its own doctrinal respectability amidst intense public debates amongst Indian think tanks. Paradoxically, the Pakistani strategic experts community calls our new strategy as a doctrinal response based on regurgitation of American limited war concept of nineteen fifties to threaten and deter Pakistan 15.Evidently, the Indian perspective on limited conventional war in a nuclear backdrop has witnessed intense and vigorous debate with proponents and opponents posing questions and counter questions on the probability of a limited conventional war escalating into a nuclear conflagaration. Historically, nuclear weapons have engendered caution between adversarial states, wherein the 1969 Soviet-Sino Ussuri River clashes and Indo-Pak Kargil war remains the only two cases where two declared nuclear weapon states have engaged in armed conflict 16. Therefore, the options for India, to pursue its limited war doctrine against Pakistan, is to either apply military power spaced ou t in time and concentrated in space or stretched out in space and concentrated in time. In other words, Indian defense doctrine and strategy must seek to apply calibrated force for punitive effect, which does not have a destabilizing effect on the adversary 17. The nuclear factor in South Asia has rendered total war unthinkable and limited war has become a necessity and must be central to the military input provided to the political leadership as an option to secure conflict limitation 18. From the Pak perspective, a limited conventional war in the Indo- Pak context, can be defined as a war designed to achieve specified political objectives by applying compatible resources in a critical area and by acting smartly in a means so as to leave bare minimum incentive for the opponent to react with nuclear weapons without taking definite risk to suffer more gains 19 . India, of late, is also forced to contend with an increasingly assertive and belligerent China which sees India as the si ngle biggest rival to Chinese pre- eminence in Asia. As numerous strategic and defence experts have began to increase the probability of a Sino-Indian military conflagration in the Himalayas, an objective look at the time frame duration of such a conflict is also mandated.A limited war in our context would envisage a likely time frame of 21- 28 days. This time frame is a logical one as geo-political realities of an armed conflict between two nuclear states along with inherent limitations of developing states in terms of economy, war waging capability etc will preclude perpetuation of viable operations beyond four weeks. Moreover, in a Sino-Indian conflict, the restrictive campaigning season of approximately two months will be a determinant of duration of hostilities as both sides would need time to build up their forces in the post monsoon phase. Otherwise, too, all our past wars have unambiguously been short wars, limited in duration and objectives and the future wars in a nuclea r backdrop are going to be anything but different. Yet, the future wars will be short but highly intense, destructive wars, exacting heavy casualties of men, material and equipment in fast, fluid mobile battles across the entire spectrum of conflict in a technologically driven war fighting environment with far reaching implications for the war fighting philosophies of the adversaries.Logistics ImperativesThe future battlefield in an intense, short war would necessitate a major transformation in our logistic support system with likely changes as under 20 -Limited preparatory period and highly intense short duration war, necessitating an efficient mobilization plan.Self contained theatre based logistic support structure.High scrape rate due to greater accuracy and lethality of long range weapon systems necessitating forward positioning of a greater quantum of reserves.Greater emphasis on intra theatre regeneration and re-supply of logistics resources.A sense and respond system workin g on the push model.Adoption of information technology and decision support systems for total summation visibility and improved inventory management 21.Need to improve survivability of logistics echelons by dispersion and area air defence cover where possible.Maximum reliance on air maintenance for maintenance of momentum especially in mountainous and desert terrains.Need for greater degree of logistics flexibility and redundancy in all theatres.Increased strain on logistics support system due to greater density of high technological equipment in battlefield.The diversity of terrain and our varied operational roles, required to be performed in highly intense, short duration wars pose enormous logistic challenges and demand a dynamic, new approach to include simple, flexible and efficient logistic plans, based on a technology driven, seamless and fully networked logistic system. Such an approach is required to integrate the logistic resources of the three services and to utilize the existing national infrastructure more profitably to improve our logistic efficiency and enhance our operational readiness 22.CHAPTER IVANALYSIS TO accept SHORTCOMINGS OF EXISTINGLOGISTIC ORGANISATIONExisting Defence Logistic SystemNational LevelIn India, the Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) is the highest decision making body on national security and strategic issues and is mandated to formulate policies for the defence of the country through the National Security Council ( NSC ) established in 1998. The Defence Minister, who is a member of the Cabinet Committee on Security, heads the Ministry of Defence ( MOD )and is responsible for implementing the governments defence policies. The defence policies get implemented through various committees functioning under the MOD 23. Details of such committees are as under -Defence Ministers Committee.Defence Ministers Production and Supply Committee.Defence Research and Development Council.Chiefs of Staff Committee.The Defence Ministers c ommittee is responsible for defence planning while the Production and Supply Committee is most important as it covers the entire gamut of planning force levels and equipment planning related to availabilty of resources. The Chiefs of Staff Committee pop the question the Defence Minister on all military matters including logistics matters. Another committee called the Joint Adminstration Planning Committee (JAPC) having representatives from the Services, is placed under the Chiefs of Staff Committee to coordinate the logistics effort of the three services and to prepare a joint adminstration plan to supplement and support the overall mobilisation and operational plan evolved by the Joint Planning Committee ( JPC ) 24.Army LogisticsAt Army Headquarters level, the agencies responsibile for providing logistics are the Adjutant General (AG), Quartermaster general (QMG), Master General of Ordnance (MGO) and Engineering-in-Chief (E-in-C). Basically the existing system is influenced by wha t was primarily inherited from the British Army. In the present organization, the supply and transport are under the QMG while Ordnance and EME are with the MGO and the medical exam services have been placed under the AG. Moreover, selection and introduction of any new equipment though a joint responsibility, is with the Weapons and Equipment (WE) Directorate while maintenance of such equipment is a logistic function. In order to coordinate various branches and to ensure smooth flow, Directorate General Operational Logistics (DGOL) has been created. However, the management and control of the logistic services has not been brought under a unified single management or control, which gives rise to a number of intra-service logistical problems , thereby making the task of DGOL difficult 25. Utilisation of army budget also is a problem area as the QMG Branch, which is responsible for large portion of Armys logistic planning, spends almost two-fifths of the army budget 26. Thus the staff support is highly fragmented and does not approximate to the concept of integrated logistic support.IAF LogisticsIn IAF, the Logistics Branch handles all the equipment, materials management and distribution functions 27. At the Air Headquarters, Air Officer-in-charge Maintenance ( AOM ) and Air Officer-in-charge administration ( AOA ) perform functions similar to those of the AG and the QMG in the army and partly similar to those of MGO. The AOM is assisted by four Additional Chiefs of Air Staff ( ACAS ) and Air Officer Logistics ( AOL ). The AOM to a large extent, provides single point management and control, wherein all specialist aspects of aircraft and equipment maintenance, overhaul and provisioning of stores in respect of each weapon system is looked after. In addition, the Initial Provisioning Committee and Maintenance Planning Teams provide logistic support for the newly introduced aircraft and weapon systems 28. As regards, functions of AOA, he is assisted by two ACsAS a nd controls administrative aspects such as organization, works, accounts, legal ,medical, pay and provost.Navy LogisticsIn Navy, the Chief of Materials (COM ), a Principle Staff Officer to the Naval Chief at Naval Headquarters is responsible for entire Logistics management function in the Navy. He is assisted by the restrainer of Logistics Support, who functions directly under the Chief of Material and deals with logistics support, clothing and victualling, armament supply and transport. In addition, there are two Assistant Chiefs of Materials aiding the Chief of Material to deal with Systems and DR. The Chief of Personnel (COP) heads the personnel branch and handles the medical services, recruitment, welfare and service conditions 29.Analysis of the Existing SystemAn analysis of the existing logistics system reveals some glare and profound weaknesses which need to be redressed forthwith, in order to obviate potential adverse effects on our national security. The systemic weakness es are pronounced in the fields of our logistic organization, both at national and services level and also in our failure to integrate our logistics system. The later, in fact, is a manifestation of a flawed organizational set up, being carried forward as a legacy of the colonial times. That so many past studies and writings by experts on the subject have failed to elicit the attention of the decision makers concerned is a sad reflection on our system and underlines a lack of overall national perspective for logistics. Further, it is apparent that the decision making structures at the national and services level are either inappropriate or simply unresponsive. Our logistic system, though has taken the obvious weaknesses and the shortcomings in its stride and has delivered the goods in all wars fought by us in the post independence period. As such, it is of utmost importance that the obvious shortcomings are identified and addressed in order to integrate and optimize our logistics sy stem as a true component of the National Effort, needed to respond to growing threats to our national security.Shortcomings of our Logistic SystemOrganisational Weakness. At the top echelons of the MOD and Chiefs of Staff Committee ( COSC ), Defence by Committees is the accepted style of functioning, which is hardly contributing(prenominal) to efficient functioning. The Service chiefs are responsible for operational and logistic preparedness, but exercise little or no control over budget and provisioning of war like material, which remains the direct prerogative of the MOD.No National Level Organisation. Neither any national level organisation exists to oversee, coordinate and integrate our defence needs with national development nor any visible efforts are seen towards orienting national level logistical planning to our defence requirements.Lack of Common Logistic Doctrine. Despite jointness and integration being the buzzwords, the three services have failed to evolve a common l ogistics doctrine and philosophy of logistic support.Multiplicity of Logistic Agencies. There is a multiplicity in logistic agencies with no single authority responsible to the Chief of Army Staff ( COAS ) for logistics preparedness. Lack of centralized logistic support encourages duplication and wasteful expenditure.Multiple Procurement Agencies. Multiple procurement agencies in the services with lack of interaction, work against the principle of economy and lead to increased costs.Lack of Standardisation and Codification . It leads to duplication and high inventories. Multiple stocking echelons ,too, lead to a high level of stocking and is compound due to lack of an integrated systems approach to determine stock levels. A vast range of several(a) equipment, both imported and indigenous, has only exacerbated the problems of providing effective logistics backup 30.Inventory Automation. Despite commonality of procedures, separate inventory automation has been undertaken by all thre e services, thus violating the administration principal of economy.Private Sector battle in Defence Research and Development. Despite the dynamic changes ushered by Defence Procurement Procedure 2005 2009, the insular sector involvement in defence research development and defence production has not reached the want levels.Attitudinal Change towards logistics, In Indian Army, an attitude has been prevalent for long, wherein logistics consideration in an operational plan are invariably given short shrift under the mistaken belief that a commanders tactical brilliance will some how compensate for inadequate consideration of logistics. The practice of not involving the logistics functionary in formulation of operational plans and then leaving the logistics planning entirely to logisticians is an inevitable recipe for disaster.Mobilisation. Mobilisation involves movement of men and material, wherein move by rail is carried out under the aegis of the Operational Rail Movement Plan (ORMP). Though the plan has been validated during OP VIJAY and OP PARAKRAM , concerns remain as regards the move and dispersion of strike and dual task formations as also the creation of requisite infrastructure for unloading / loading at railway stations concerned. to a fault this, shortage of defence rolling stocks exist which will inhibit speedy mobilisation.Functioning of Ordnance Factories and the PSUs. Director General of Ordnance Factories and the Defence Public Sector Undertakings are major defence manufacturers. However, the present organisational structure precludes the optimum functioning of these organisations. Despite being an intrinsic part of Defence Ministers Production and Supply Committee ( DPSC ) , the Ordnance Factory Board ( OFB ) usually functions independently and in any case is not responsible to the Army or the defence, though the funding for the OFB is made from the Army Budget. As such, the Chief of Army Staff has very little say with respect to produ ction and priority in delivery of items. The OFB items also have quality concerns especially in general stores and clothing items.Multiple Echelon System. The multiple echelon system which is existing as the chain of supply to the field formations need critical examination and reduction of echelons where feasible. Logistics support need not be the same across the board for all formations in the country, it can be tailor-made to meet the requirement of a particular sector, the terrain, the type of operations and equipment likely to operate in the area. This will cut down the time factor for move from source to the field formation.Push Model. The push model of pumping the logistics requirement of troops forward has been partially implemented in certain areas. It needs to be implemented across the board to ensure that the troops do not have to look over their shoulders for logistics support.CHAPTER VANALYSIS OF CONTEMPORARY LOGISTICS ORGANISATIONOF MAJOR MILITARY POWERS US SystemThe US Armed Forces have a highly efficient and responsive logistic system, based on a dynamic organizational structure which has evolved to meet the ever changing operational requirements. The Defence Logistic Agency ( DLA ), a US segment of Defence ( DOD ) agency supplies the nations military services and several civilian agencies with the wide ranging logistical support for peacetime and wartime operations as well as emergency preparedness and humanitarian missions 31. The DLA Director reports to the Under Secretary of Defence for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics through the Deputy Under Secretary of Defence ( Logistics and Material Readiness ).The DLA has evolved from Defence Supply Agency ( DSA ), which worked on the Single Manager Concept, wherein eight service agencies viz army, navy, air force etc handled one commodity each and became DSA supply centers.In 1977, DLA was established with the aim of centralizing the management of common military logistics support and to introd uce uniform financial management practices. Later, the Goldwater-Nichols Act of 1986, for integration of US Armed Forces, identified DLA as a combat support agency. In Feb 2000, a new DLA organization structure part of an integrated plan called DLA 21 integrated all distribution depots of the military services into a single, unified material distribution system to reduce overhead costs and place them under DLA for management. It also created four major sub agencies under the DLA as under -Def Logistics Support Command ( DLSC). Responsible for integration of logistics operations, supply chain management, readiness and contigency operations support. It is also responsible for procurement, storage and distribution of consumable parts, fuel, medical, subsistence and clothing and framework support. It has subsequently been reorganised as DLA Logistics Operations Directorate ( DLALO J-3 ).Def Contract Management Command. Responsible for DODs primary contract administration activity.Info rmation Operations. Responsible for DLAs information technology activities to enhance e-commerce, logistics support system and document automation in support of military logistics.Financial Operations. Responsible for streamlining DLAs financial system for agencys future initiatives.UK SystemUK, too, has been a fore runner in initiation of defence reforms, which began with th

Reflective Employability Skills Assignment

Reflective Employability Skills AssignmentIntroductionWith the rapid development of society, the competitions between companies argon withal increasing, what the employer desire for the graduates are non only focus on the degree but pay much than attention to their employability skills. In order to win their competitors in the fierce competition, employers indispensableness graduates who have a wide range of skills to bring to the make environment and need the employees with multi-skilled to fulfil m some(prenominal) incompatible roles. (Foster, 1998, p.4). So graduates who glide slope into the workforce must have the skills need by employers.With the purpose of making ourselves bring forth to a greater extent war-ridden in the future argument market first we should find out what the employability skills the employer want for graduates, then harmonize to the employability skills do the personal SWOT analysis and make an action plan to improve ourselves.Discussion of em ployability skillsWhat skills do employers want?Employability skills are defined as skills required not only to gain employment, but in any case to progress within an enterprisingness so as to achieve ones potential and contribute successfully to enterprise strategic directions. (DEST 2002a)Today, despite the degree, companies are paying more attention to the employability skills of the graduates, but there is no logical standard of employability skills. What employability skills the graduates should have are depend on companys existing operating conditions and incompatible companies have different standards. Through a wide range of literature research, the result of what the employability skills inevitable by companies are nigh the same, and butt end be roughly divided into the following eight basic skills Communication skills, Teamwork skills, Problem solution skills , Self management skills, Planning and organizing skills, Technology skills, Life-long eruditeness skills and possibility and enterprise skills. (MONASH, nd)Why do companies want these skills?Communication skillsThe CIPDs views are pratd on the la audition CIPD/KPMG quarterly Labor Market Outlook, a watch of over 1,400 UK employers, the key attributes employers look for in school leaver recruits are communication skills (40% of employers rank this in their top three required attributes), work ethic (39%) and personality (32%). (CIPD,2006) .Communication happens all the eon in the workplace, having powerful communication skills flock make us have a equitable relationship with colleagues and superiors ,thus can spend a penny a goodly working environment and help us complete the work more efficiently. Whats more , have good communication skills not only can make the existing customers become more satisfy with the products and services provided by our company but also can attract more clients assemble with us .Teamwork skillsIn Todays society, only have the individual working abi lity is not enough, more and more works need a group of nation to complete together . survey in groups can repair up the progress of work and also through brainstorming to create a better mood of the companyProblem figure out skillsIn this competitive world, companies provide faced various problems at any measure, solving the problem successfully enable the company ride out the storm or it will fail.Self-management skillsCompanies also need graduates have self-management skills to complete the work alone or al most(prenominal) alone, without the need for somebody to stand over the employees constantly and tell them want to do.Foster, 1998, p.14.Planning and organizing skillsEmployers need graduates to make plans and organize the particular(a) sources to achieve both short and long-term goals of company.Technology skillsIn the technological age, technology skills become progressively important, company need employees proficiency in using computers and telecommunications syste ms, understanding current trends and developments managing information through technology.Life-long packing skillsIn order to make the company development sustainably, only require employee continuous learning can let the company keep pace with this rapid-developing society, and employees who have the life-long learning skills can also bring benefits to the company.Initiative and enterprise skillsEmployees recruited by the company are all with multi-skilled, the company may frequent transfer their employees to different departments and to take different roles within a company. (Heather and Peter, 2006, p.2) .So this require the employee have the initiative and enterprise skills to adjust themselves slowly to new situations and can take the job quickly.Personal SWOT AnalysisAfter identify the employability skills that needed by companies, I make a personal SWOT analysis based on actual love and self assessment test through the internet.(S)trengthsI have good aggroup work and orga nizing skills. According to the results of my self assessment test, I have a great mark in humanistic-encouraging and affiliative. (See cecal appendage 1) In the group work I can build on ideas with other members and as team leader I usually will make plans to allocate tasks to the group members to make sure everyone enjoys the tasks they are assigned to.I am good at Self management. I can management my time well and get function done without being pushed. Usually I will write reduce the things what I need to do and sort them out according to the importance and the time sequence. After that I will write them to the calendar so that I can know clearly what and when should I do nextI do well in learning. I unforced to put in time and effort to learn new skills. As a student, beside the major I also join the giving English severalize and the Assessment Centres miniskirt module to improve myself.I have technology skills. I am not only having the basic computer skills but also can workout specialize software packages. Since I have learned the business decision modelling in my first year and now I also learning the applied management and decision modelling, all of them need to use the specialised software packages so I learned how to use them in the course.(W)eaknessesI have no employment experience, even the underemployed job experience.I am weak in problem solving when I face problems usually I can not see all sides of them and can not provide good solution of them.My Communication skills are weak. I am an introvert (result in vermiform appendix 1) and I am not good at communicate with others .I feel shy when I lecture to strangers.(O)pportunitiesI can find a part-time job through the future of our school to learn new skills to enhance my CV.I am more employable than others if I get work experience in UK. 65% of international employers indicates that they are more willing to employ They are more willing to recruit graduates with overseas work experien ce (Archer and Davison, 2008.).I have an opportunity to get a good job if I return to chinaware after I graduate. China is widely expected to become the worlds largest human capital market in the future, requiring an explosive number of talented professionals. Companies seeking to hire Mainland Chinese returnees born and raised in China, studied/worked in the U.S. or Europe and then returned to China. They offer international experience, plus language and cultural skills but are in short supply (Davy, Lau).I can enjoy a variety of preferential policies for overseas student which provided by the Chinese government if I back to China.(T)hreatsIn recent years, explosive growth trends of Chinese overseas students choose to return space which will increase the competition of getting jobs in China.Employment jam both in China and UK. not only Chinese graduates for job-hunting with anxiety, graduates of British also face the same problem. The jobs shortage was blamed on a substantial ba cklog in the number of jobless graduates from previous years creating additional pressure on the employment market in 2010. (Articlesbase,2010).Personal Action PlanAfter I sinless the personal SWOT analysis, according to my own situation I make an action plan base on SMARTSkill to be improvedCommunication skills precise ActionsParticipating in the activities that organize by school community orinvolvingin the school communitydirectly.Make a lot of friends.Take the initiative in making acquaintances.Do not feel nervous when talking to strangersNext monthTake the mini module about communication that provided by the future in our schoolPresenting and participating in class discussionsSemester 2MeasureThrough the IELTS test to improve my English speaking, writing, reading and listening skills.Take the IELTS testTarget dateChristmasholidaysProblem solving skillsSpecific ActionsApply for the volunteer opportunities provide by the futureHelping people solve problem while improving my pr oblem solving skills.Become a volunteerSemester 2MeasureAnalysis the requirements of school assignmentsMeet the assignment requirements of teachersTarget dateDeadline ofassignmentsInitiative and enterprise skillsSpecific ActionsFind part-time jobs in our school or become a volunteerGet part-time jobs, become a volunteerMeasureSemester 2Become a trainee of a companyfor 1-2weekWork in a company as a traineeTarget dateChristmas holidaysTeamwork skillsSpecific ActionsWorking on group assignmentsMeasureDo the Group work assignmentsTarget dateDeadline of groupassignmentsPlanning and formation skillsSpecific ActionsArranging study and daily lives at universityMeasureMake plans everyday and do thing according to plansTarget dateEverydaySelf-management skillsSumming up thegaps in skills and knowledgeSpecific ActionsDo self-reflection whenteachers accept assignment feedbackTarget dateAt the end of semester 1 scaning skillsLearning new skills that needed by employersSpecific ActionsAttend co urses and finish coursesTarget dateSemester 2Technology skillsSpecific ActionsLearn something about Photoshop or database.Participate the relevant coursesTarget dateDuring semester 2ConclusionThere is no doubt that employees who having a good degree will gain an excellent starting point, since a good degree helps employees open the door of finding a job, however, a degree alone is not enough, employers want much more from their graduate employees, they want employees can bring benefits to the company and let the company in an invincible position during the fierce competition. Through extensive research I summed up eight kinds of employability skills that most needed by companies. And I made a personal SWOT analysis based on employability skills and self assessment test through the internet and actual experience which made me become more aware of myself. After that I made an action plan for myself. Ill stick to the plan and I hope that it would help me improve my employability skills after I finish it .And get a good job in the competitive job market after I graduate.

Can Psychological Theories Be Compatible With One Another?

Can Psychological Theories Be Compatible With One Another?Drawing on material from the point outs, and using the impressionual regulateling of ontology, news report and methodologyCritically discuss the extent to which mental theories and methodologies are compatible, conflicting or co-existing.Matthew Belmonte lecture payoff (social cognition)Prof David Crundall lecture topic (risk taking/road traffic deportment)Dr Florentia Hadjiefthyvoulou lecture topic (behavioural/drug dependence)Dr David Wilde lecture topic (introduction to a qualitative approach to psychology, critical health psychology, out of body experience)Conceptual framework ontology, comment and methodology.9TH MAY.Psychologists may be interested in alike questions, what makes psychology unique? What makes this a psychological question? What are we claiming about ourselves social psychology, different components of who we are (bystander effect). Developmental psychology, fol slumping legitimate methodolo gies (a blank state/innate/genetics/ disposition vs nurture) Personality/ case-by-caseistity construct generalisations in similar contexts what makes us the same? (nomothetic approach) The normative functioning state of behaviour (able to recognise abnormal behaviour) How do psychologists go about studying what they study? Interested in the human being who you are? Social/ community/environment the relationship between them all, how do they fit together between the wit, behaviour and body (the mental state of mind, consciousness and physical aspect/body/brain as control centre?)Ontology what is the record/essential nerve of the subject matter (what is the thing in itself?) What is it that needs let offing?Explanation (theory) how do we explain the psychological phenomena? Language needs to coincide with ontology. How well does the explanation match ontology? What counts as appropriate certainty to uphold the explanation?Methodology what methods do we employ to test (su pport/refute) psychological explanation (theory)? Evidence to support explanation to confirm ontology. Is this the best method of gathering the evidence to support the explanation?What is psychology? Is psychologythe scientific study of the human mind (thoughts and mental consciousness)? The study of the brain (helps to perceive reality (function) essence neurological physical thing made up of neurons)? The study of behaviour (intention and action fit in)? A QUESTION OF ONTOLOGY WHAT IS THE MIND? WHAT IS THE BRAIN? WHAT IS BEHAVIOUR? Is te mind the same as the brain, or are they different? Is behaviour the same as movement? What about intention and action how do they tinct to behaviour?A QUESTION OF EXPLANATION HOW DO WE EXPLAIN the relationship between mind, brain and behaviour. How is the mind tinged to the brain? How is the mind/brain related to behaviour? Is it that mind, brain, mind and brain CAUSE behaviour?A QUESTION OF METHODOLOGY HOW DO WE STUDY the mind, the brain a nd behaviour. Take into account of historical context?If psychology is the (scientific) study of mind/brain/behaviour then where, in all of this, is the soul? ONTOLOGY Is the person their mind, their brain, their behaviour or all of these? EXPLANATION How are these related to each other in the pull of a person? METHODOLOGY How do we study a person?Placing psychological research in HISTORICAL CONTEXT to understand the current state of psychology, why psychology is as it is. The origins of some of the issues and questions that relate to psychology and psychology as a science. To better understand why these issues and questions have arisen and also learn from those who preceded us.FH Conceptual framework with habituation Ontology what ca hires addiction? Explanation theories of addiction. Methodology how do we study these theories?What ca white plagues addiction galore(postnominal) theories try to answer this complicated question. Sociocultural emplacement (people form addicti ons under stressful living conditions), psychodynamic perspective, cognitive-behavioural perspective (operant conditioning is a key role in addiction), biological perspective (addiction is a disease that the individual has no control over) Is addiction nature (a disease = biological) or nurture (social learning phenomenon)Disease copy of addiction the individual has no control over drinking habits treatments such as Alcohol nameless is based on theory as addiction is a disease because of genetic make-up. The disease concept of intoxicantism (Jellinek 1960) The inability to control drinking. Addiction is a disease that originates from the biological, neurological and genetic makeup of an individual.Disease model of addiction where does the evidence come from? Genetic predisposition factors Animal breeding studies, whereby animals showed a preference to alcohol, their offspring also (genetic makeup) (Carroll and Meisch 2011, Weiss, 2011) Human twins studies (inherit genetic predis position) (Legrand et al., 2005, Tsuang et al., 2001) Kaij 1960. Adoption studies (gives support to disease model of addiction) (Walters 2002, Goldstein 1994) Genetic linkage strategies and molecular biology techniques. Abnormal dopamine-2 (D2) receptor gene in participants with burden use disorder (Cosgrove 2010 Blum et al., 1996) Disease model of addiction where does this evidence come from? Psychological factors the reward system or pleasure pathway a brain circuit that is involved in mediating the effects of reinforcement and is cardinal in initiating and maintaining behaviours important for survival. Evidence from animal studies Behaviours such as consuming food and alcohol that we enjoy doing kick start the brain reward system Particular neuron circuits light up during pleasure neuron transmitter is dopamine (feel good hormones that give a pleasurable feeling from magnetic resonance imaging studies) that produces euphoria and reinforces the behaviour to be repeated (how addictive behaviours are maintained and reinforced).Is the disease model the altogether explanation for our question? The some important causes of addictive behaviour are psychological in nature and not biological. Robins (1979) importance of social setting on drug taking.Social learning theory addiction is a learned behaviour and is the result of observation and modelling (social and family interaction)The individual personality traits (Sher et al 1991 Terracciano et al, 2007 Wilson et al., 2010) low self-esteem, sensation-seeking, impulsivity, vulnerability, openness to experience, agreeableness and conscientiousness. Is there an addictive personality? Other high risk factors permissive family attitudes to addictive behaviours. Addictive behaviours by parents or family members. Low commitment to school. wee peer rejection (alienation), attitudes favourable to addictive behaviours. Early onset of the behaviour underlying depression, anxiety.The environment the cultural context and customs underpinning the addictive behaviour. Extreme sparing deprivation (mainly for drug addiction) heroin is the ideal drug for the unemployed. Substance cost and availability the most significant predictor of use and peer associations. Family interaction model (Baer et al 1987) higher risk by dint of deficits in parenting, family tension, rejection, emotional distancing and parental alienation.The behaviour once learned, addiction is maintained through cognitive factors, expectancies and cues. operant Conditioning (Skinner), Classical Conditioning (Pavlov)Examples of factors reinforcing an addictive behaviour positive reinforcement associated with the psychopharamacology of the drug (relevant to substance addiction), essential importance of the role of the dopaminergic system (reward), the social aspect of the behaviour peer recognition, group identity, cultural norms and so forth Negative reinforcement associated with avoidance of withdrawal symptoms, some drugs/behavi ours alleviate psychological distress/trauma, relief of boredom, cope with poor living conditions etc.Protective factors a supportive family environment, a caring relationship with at least one adult, positive temperament, a social support system that encourages effort.So what causes addiction? Is addiction a disease? Is addiction a social learning phenomenon? Can both biological and psychological theories explain addiction?How well does the explanation (theories of addiction) match the ontology? Do methods of gathering evidence support the explanation? Are methods compatible, conflicting or co-existing? What does this say about the nature of psychology?Stress, Family Environment, and Multiple Substance drill Among Seventh GradersP. E. Baer, R. J. McLaughlin, M. A. Burnside, A. D. Pokorny, and L. B. GarmezyBaylor College of Medicine. Psychology of Addictive Behaviours. 1987, Vol. 1, No 2. 92-103Seventh graders reported using more alcohol, nicotine, or cannabis, individually or in combination, if they also reported having more stressful events occurring in their lives. This was the case whether the stressful events were of study proportion Major life stressors had consistently a more reliable relationship to substance use than the minor irritants when the number of events that had occurred was considered. From a qualitative pointof view, the troublesomeness of daily irritants retains an independent relationship with customs duty apart from the frequency of stressors and does so apart from the correlation of usage and anxiety. Family support and stressors independently relate to substance usage.

The Horrors Of The Nuremberg Laws

The Horrors Of The Nuremberg LawsOn September 15, 1935 the first both laws of the Nuremberg Laws were enacted. The laws were a clear violation of the Judaic throngs civil rights. M whatsoever of the laws enforce on the freedom of the Jewish good deal. These laws were enacted by a cold and untamed dictator by the name of Adolf Hitler. The Nuremberg laws were a very strict and debauched set of laws that discriminated against the Jewish people. Above all, the laws were offensive and demeaning.Adolf Hitler was born April 20, 1889 and would eventually perform a terrible dictator. He wanted to go into art school, further was rejected. The person who rejected him was Jewish, and some believe that was where his curse toward the Jewish people came from. Hitler rose to power by being elected, he did non push back control by force, he was elected by the German people. in one case he had control of the government, he passed the enabling act, which enabled him to make and pass any law on his own he did non need the favourable reception of the rest of the government.(Palma) This is what permitted the passing of the Nuremberg Laws. After passing the laws, he focused his hatred on the Jewish people and would go on to kill millions of Jews.The Nuremberg Laws were the write down of the Aryanization of Germany.The Nuremberg Laws were offensive and demeaning to the Jewish people. The laws labeled Jews as unclean and forbidden them from marrying Aryans. The laws also prevented them from holding respectable jobs such as a Doctor, Lawyer, prof etc. etc. The wording of the laws referred to the Jewish people as inferior. They portray Jews as something they were not. unmatchable of the biggest civil rights violations of the laws was their infringement on the freedom of the Jewish people. One of the first additions to the Nuremberg Laws stated that a Jewish person could not be or become a German citizen. Jewish people who were German citizens had their citizenship revoked . The Nuremberg Laws went so far as to say that Jewish families could not employ German women under forty-five years of age as housekeepers. Many of the freedoms that the general population enjoyed were taken away from the Jewish people. The SS could beleaguer into homes and take belongings that suggested the inhabitants of the house were Jews. They were restricted from certain areas and punished if they were caught in said areas. They were also made to wear a patch that designated them as Jews. Eventually they were forced to move from their homes into the ghettos. This forced migration corralled them to make their deportation easier and more successful.The Nuremberg Laws were and are often referred to as the Blood Laws. This is because they were all based on the blood of the person in question. You were considered to be Jewish if you had three grandparents who were Jewish. If you simply had two, you were considered mischling of the first degree. If you had only one, you were mis chling of the second degree. There were however, other ways of classifying you as Jewish. If you were a part of a Jewish church when the Nuremberg Laws were issued, or joined after, you were considered Jewish. If you were married to a Jew or were the child of a marriage with a Jew that was conducted after the ban was placed, you were considered Jewish. If you were the born out of wedlock from one or two Jewish parents, you were considered Jewish. Regardless of religious affiliation, if you met any of the criteria above, you were considered a Jew. One of the many flaws with this way of thinking is that Judaism is not a race, it is a religion.The Nuremberg laws and the final solution could remove perchance been avoided. Maybe, if he had been accepted into art school, he would have gone on to be a painter, instead of a potentate turned mass murderer. An early Jewish revolt could have possibly ended the holocaust. Many Jews would have been killed in the process, however, it could be argued that not as many would have died overall had there been an early Jewish revolt. only things considered, the Nuremberg Laws were one of the biggest atrocities that occurred during World War II.The Nuremberg Race Laws Marrus, Michouel R. The Holocaust in History. unexampled York Penguin Books. 1987.The Nuremberg LawsPalma, Heather. Personal Interview April 01, 2010The Triumph of Hitler

Enzyme Kinetics Laboratory Report

Enzyme dynamics laboratory ReportHow the modifys in subst grade immersion (PNPP), changes in temperature, changes in pH and the presence of an inhibitor (phosphate ions) printings the prize of reply of the response surrounded by PNPP and irrigate catalysed by the enzyme acid phosphates which produces PNP and phosphate as its products . Using spectrophotometer to measure the absorbance of the products make through hydrolysis of subst drift.AbstractThe purpose of this scientific paper was to replicate before dominateings of trys in enzyme kinetics and to see if enzyme behaviour and activity is influenced by 4 featureors- change in subst aim submergence, temperature, pH and the presence of a rivalrous inhibitor. In the first scratch where the subst sum up assiduity was altered whilst the enzyme ingress was kept constant the relationship was found to be hyperbolic this croupe be explained using the Michaelis -Menten equation and the Lineweaver burk plot which was in any case used to mother Km entertains of 0.25 and Vmax values of 0.12UNIT. The make up in S affixd the assess of chemical reaction at first but when S too much the sign upper started to decrease. The extend in temperature led to a general increment in the initial fastness until the temperature reached 347 K where the enzyme denatured. The best temperature of the reaction was in the range 310 K- 323.2 where the rate change magnituded at its fastest. The thirdly section was the effect of pH on the enzyme activity. The optimum pH of the reaction was 5.5. This pH gave the highest read of absorbance which recollects that the rate of hydrolysis was at its highest. Fin e really(prenominal)y the last section of the experiment was the effect of agonistical inhibitor on the rate of reaction. The investigating visualizeed that the inhibitor used (phosphate ions) was a non- emulous inhibitor. The inhibitor did lower the initial upper of the reaction when it attached to the enzyme at random. doorThis laboratory report is on the topic of enzyme kinetics, previous spring in this particular field was carried out in the 1700s, when biological catalyst enzymes were sight and studied. As understanding of enzymes increased scientist carried out basic laboratory experiments such(prenominal) as the conversion of starch to sugar by saliva to increase their understating of enzymes and how they function. nevertheless the first developed incident where enzymes were understood in occurrence was in 1897-by Edward Buchner .Since then on, till this period of time factors which effect the velocity/ rate of reaction and enzymes accept been studied widely by some(prenominal) scientists globall(a)y. The modern scientists have a deep understanding of enzyme kinetics. The purpose of this laboratory report is to confirm previous findings covered in various sources of scientific literature and journals.Enzymes argon often described as organic catalysts which increa se the rate of reaction of a bio-chemical reaction ( David L.Nelson etal 2008). Enzymes increase the rate velocity of various reactions that occur in a biological system such as the mammalian digestive system. Enzymes abide have functions including transfer, synthesis or breakdown of molecules. It is master(prenominal) to mention that enzymes are proteins which speed up the rate of reaction without being used up themselves i.e. they are reusable. Enzymes have a very peculiar(prenominal) active billet which is antonymous to a specific substratum 3 dimensional body structure.The specificity is collectable to the antonymous hydrophilic/aquaphobic charge, electrical charge and shape of active locate on the enzyme. The attach of an enzyme with an specific substrate produces an enzyme substrate complex (ES).The rate at which the enzyme substrate complex is make is dramatically increased or decreased in changes in substrate concentration, temperature, pH and presence of an compet itive inhibitor the effect of these 4 factors on the enzyme activity is known as enzyme kinetics (Jeremy M. Berg etal 2006).Enzymes work on the concept of transition states. Transition state of enzymes is the phase where the substrate is not a yet a product and not a substrate. Enzymes reduce this phase .The difference between the drop off brawniness of the reactants and the free cipher of the transition state is the activation ability (Ea).The minimum energy required for a success full reaction to occur. Enzymes speed up the rate of reaction by lowering the activation energy barrier.A typical enzyme substrate reaction dissolve be simplified and be written asThe enzyme studied in this investigation was acid phosphatase. This enzyme earth-closet be identified by its Enzyme Commission count (EC number) which is 3.1.3.2. Now I go away briefly discuss the enzyme kinetic properties of acid phosphatase. The enzyme acid phosphatase catalyses the removal of phosphate aggroup from organic molecules. Its primary mechanism of action is to gravel a substrate molecule into contact with a molecule of piddle .This results in catalysis and the removal of phosphate group. Finally an hydroxyl group is attached to the substrate molecule. An example of this is the reaction shown below. This reaction was studied in this laboratory investigation.Acid phosphatasep-nitrophenylphosphate (PNPP) + water phosphate + p-nitrophenol(PNP)In the reaction above PNPP is the synthetic substrate, which is described as chromogenic.At. At high purity this blend is completely colourless. PNPP is hydrolysed by the enzyme acid phosphatase this produces phosphate and PNP. The product produced is yellow and outhouse be measured using a colorimeter.The first part of the investigation concerns the effect of substrate concentration on the rate of reaction. I venture and expect that at an increase in substrate concentration (PNPP) will lead to an increased rate if reaction/initial rate. The reason for this is that an increase in substrate concentration increases the chances of a successful collision occurring between the enzyme and substrate increasing the likelihood of ES complex and product (PNP) ecesis results in an overall increase rate of reaction. This will produce a fist order reaction on a graph. However it is important to mention that at high substrate concentration the enzyme will be fully saturated this will reduce the rate of reaction as the there are too many substrate than enzymes. On a graph this would show a plateau. The maximum velocity of the reaction or the Vmax would be expected to be close to this region. wherefore I forestall to see a hyperbolic relationship on a graph. arm B of this investigation concerns the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction. I would exepcet to find that an increase in temperature would result in an increase in the rate of reaction. The reason for this phenomenon is that as there is increase in kinetic energy bein g applied to enzymes and substrates it increases the chances of collision occurring so to a greater extent product (PNP) is formed per unit time. However I also believe that temperatures above 50 -70 degrees Celsius would denature the enzymes active site and the 3 dimensional structures. At this stop the enzyme will not be complementary in shape to the substrate.This would mean that no reaction can be completed so the rate of reaction will decrease. It is important to state that the enzyme is spillage to have an optimum temperature at which the ES complexes and products are make at the fastest velocity. The increase in temperature increase the amount of molecules which have higher energy than the Ea barrier this in turn increases the amount of molecules which can react increasing the rate of reaction or initial velocity. I believe the optimum temperature is going to range between 20-40 degrees Celsius.The third part of this lab report is ground on the effect of pH on the rate of reaction once again I believe that at extremes of pH such as moroseness or alkalinity will require the rate of reaction. This may cause the enzymes structure to denature and will cause a lower rate of reaction and lower rate of product formation because the enzyme will not be complementary to the substrate. I would expect this enzyme to have a low optimum pH of around 5-2 as it is acid.Finally the last section of this investigation concerns the effect of a competitive inhibitor (phosphate ions) on the rate of reaction. Inhibitor in this eccentric person the phosphate ions will compete with the actual substrate PNPP for the active site of the enzyme acid phosphatase. These inhibitors can only attach to the active site of the enzyme due to their complementary properties. The concentration of the inhibitors will be kept constant and the concentration of the substrate PNPP will be altered. I believe that as the concentration of PNPP increases the rate of reaction will increase this is because the PNPP can out- compete the competitive inhibitor and reverse the effect of the inhibitor.Materials and MethodsAll procedures were carried out as described in the lab schedule. No alterations were made to any of the procedures carried out throughout the experiment. watchwordThe first section of this lab report relates the effect of substrate concentration on enzyme activity. I shall briefly discuss and explain what my info shows and means. interpret 3 which is the graph of Michaelis Menten of collected data. The relationship between the rate of an enzyme-catalysed reaction and the substrate concentration can be describes as hyperbolic. The graph and tables 2 show that as the concentration of substrate (PNPP) increases from 0.00 Mmols to 0.20 Mmols of substrate the initial velocity or the rate of reaction shows an increase in too. The relationship can be describes as fist order as the V rises almost linearly with the increase in S.However after the concentration incre ase from 0.20- to 3.00 Mmols the initial velocity shows a gradual increase and then gradually levels of or slopes here graph shows 0 order relationship. This supports the prediction I made in the introduction. The graphs indicates that as the concentration of substrate increase the rate of reaction increase this is because of the increase chances of a collision between a substrate and an enzyme. This in turn increases the rate at which ES and P are formed. However after the concentration increase after 0.20 3.00 Mmols the rate stars to level off. The reasoning behind is this is that there are too many substrates than compared to enzymes an all enzymes are described to be fully saturated .At this phase the reaction is at its Maximum velocity and cannot increase in rate unless more enzymes are added therefore enzyme concentration is the limiting factor.I can order that the data I collected from the experiment in the lab is spotless and valid as the graph which compares the theatrica l data and the collected data show homogeneousities in the trend line the Vmax the km and as wellspring as the points and there is no anomalous data point on either of the 3 graphs. My findings support the findings of many previous investigations and journals as the graphs show a similar relationship as to the findings to previous work. The implications of this investigation can be used widely to determine the Vmax and KM. These values can be used for medical purposes since the enzyme acid phosphatase is manufactured by the body to take phosphate groups.The limitation of Michaels Menten plot is that the Km and Vmax cannot be accurately determined. Therefore a Lineweaver burk plot is plotted. The Lineweaver burk plot shows that the KM and Vmax are very similar to the ones from the Michaelis Menten plot.Finally KM is an approximate measure of the resemblance of an enzyme for its substrate.A small value of KM indicates a high affinity of the enzyme for the substrate. From my graphs (1 +2) I can recognise that the KM was 0.24 and therefore small. This means that the enzyme acid phosphatase has a high affinity for the synaesthetic substrate PNPP. This means that small concentration of substrate PNPP is sufficient to run the reaction at half of maximum velocity (1/2 Vmax).The next section of the investigation concerns the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction. I predicted an increase in temperature will increase the rate of reaction or the initial velocity of the e reaction until the enzyme denatures and the protein sequence becomes damage an unravels. The actual reason for why the protein sequences unravel is that the protein has too much kinetic energy and the amino acids vibrate and this causes the non covalent forces to be weakened. There is an increase in the rate of reaction as the temperature increases from 278 -323 K the increase is almost linear. However after the temperature 323 K-to 347 K the enzyme denatures and unravels. This is proved by the last point on the graph which doesnt extend the line of best fit. Overall the graphs and data all prove my predictions correct. There is no other anomalous data present.The third section concerns the effect of pH on the rate of reaction. As we have discovered before the enzyme used was acid phosphatase so the pH at which it works at best the optimum temperature will be in the acidic pH regions. I can confirm from my graph that the optimum pH of the reaction is in the region 5-5.5 which is indeed acidic. pH of 5.5 gives the highest absorption value, this therefore means that the rate of hydrolysis was at its fastest.A possible accounting for the change in the experimental design is that the pH may denature the enzyme if the enzyme was added first the active site and 3 dimensional shape of the enzyme could be altered at extremes of pH such as 2 which is quite acidic. The pH does not affect the substrates 3 dimensional structure in the same ways as the enzymes. Therefore to ob tain valid results /data the design for this part of the experiment was slightly altered.pH has a very strong effect on enzyme activity .This is because enzymes work on the reason of mechanisms such as induced fit hypothesis and lock and headstone . The enzymes have a specific active site due to the complementary 3 dimensional active site with the substrate. According to the induced fit hypothesis the enzyme can undergo some change in the 3- dimensional structure in order to fit the substrate. However a change in pH changes the enzymes active site structure. An increase in H+ ions can change the active site structure due to the fact that h+ ions can interfere with any polar molecules on enzymes protein structure. amino acids side chains can be protonated and may be damaged due to the extreme pH (concentration of H+ )this may result in the protein sequence to unravel which means that the active site is not complementary to the substrate and the rate of reaction decreases as no or midget ES are formed which results in little products formed.The final section concerns the effect of a competitive inhibitor (phosphate ions) on the rate of reaction. From my graph I can tell that the inhibitor present was an non-competitive inhibitor. I can tell this by looking at the Lineweaver Burk plot where the trend lines cross the 1/Vmax block off at different values but cross the 1/km intercept at the same values. This means that this type of inhibitor does not affect the KM but does lower the Vmax values.Non competitive inhibitor has the same effect as lowering the total volume of enzyme. This type of inhibition is reversible. It binds to a site away from the enzymes active site it denatures the active site so no other substrates can bind to the active site. This in turn lowers the rate of reaction and the rate at which products are formed. However this type of inhibitor also binds to the enzyme substrate complex I can therefore conclude that the non competitive inhibito r does lower the rate at which the products are formed.ReferencesBooksDavid L. Nelson et al (2008) Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry ,W.H Freeman and familyJeremy M. Berg et al (2006) Biochemistry, W.H Freeman and CompanyLab schedule (2009) Enzyme Kinetics MODULE LSC10034 EXPERIMENT 4Lecture NotesLectures notes (2009) Dr John Mills- Module LSC-10034 Proteins and Enzymes lectures 9, 10, 11 (Figures 1-5)Absorbance values- Table 4 and Table 6 Emma EzekielWeb PagesEC Number -http//www.brenda-enzymes.org/php/result_flat.php4?ecno=3.1.3.2 Seen 20 November 2009

Positivist Approach to Sociological Research

Positivist Approach to Socio limpid Researchscientific methodological analysis in sociology, the study of the br separately earth, is to the highest degree often associated with what is cognize as the rationalist hail. In this es produce, to determine whether or non it is and so possible to apply scientific methods to the study of the affable world, I leave analyse the strengths and weaknesses of positively charged sociology. As developed by Auguste Comte, profitableness is a ex recommendive style of thinking establish on the assumption that it is possible to take d let tender life and establish reliable, sound intimacy ab come in how it works. (Johnson p231) This accomplished knowledge was then to be used to affect the course of sociable change and it would help improve pityingity. Comtes work was in ploughsh be a re attain to the anarchy that besieged France in the wake of the revolution. Comte in truth believed that scientific rationality could temper the raw compassionate emotions that had lead to much(prenominal) chaos. Sociology, in his interpretation (and others), liter entirelyy the science of federation, could apply such(prenominal)(prenominal) scientific rationalism, empiricism and positivism to kind life, thus improving it and preventing continued anarchy. Comte believed that favorable life is governed by underlying laws and principles that can be discovered through with(predicate) the use of methods most often associated with the physical sciences. (Johnson p231) One would identify the methods of positivism thus1) c beful observation measurement2) quantification3) formalisation of suppositions precision in definition4) operationalisation of theoretical questions5) mathematisation (connects with all in all of the previous swashs6) logic and formationisation of possible action7) uniformity of explanation prediction8) objectivity understood as value neutrality.Positivism, Is higher up all a philosophy of science . As such, it stands squ atomic number 18ly within the empiricist tradition. metaphysical speculation is rejected in favour of positive knowledge based upon trunkatic observation and experiment. The methods of science can give us knowledge of the laws of co liveence. (Marshall p510) Howalship canal, as shall hopefully be stagen after, these scientific methods can non show us allthing about the inner essences or nature of things. Broadly disquisition structuralism is, Used loosely in sociology to refer to whatever approach which regards kind structure (app arnt or otherwise) as having priority over accessible carry through. (Johnson p646) Positivism and structuralism ar generally highly complementary, positivism effectively existence the scientific methodological analysis of structuralism. This can be observed in the works of Comte, Marx, Durkheim and the Vienna set. Later theorists such as ministers can in kindred manner be described as both structuralist and cocksu re although in government ministers case he does consider certain interpretivist sensibilities. Marx, Durkheim, Comte, the Vienna circle and m either others all saw sociology as a science and all believed that friendly structure was the core comp mavennt of society. Perhaps one of the most important traits in naturalistic or positivistic sociology is the belief that accessible phenomena argon patterned and are subject to deterministic laws much as are the laws governing the natural sciences. Sociological theory then becomes a quest for laws similar to the law of gravity or the law of solid density in physics (Poloma p3)The main difference between the sociable and natural worlds is that the subject of study in the social world is adult male. People, in basic terms, take channelise a certifiedness where as the subjects of the natural sciences, rocks or atoms or chemicals, do not. People are aware of themselves and their surroundings in a way that rocks, for example, are not. T his, clearly, is a potential problem for positivist sociology. However, this problem is resolved, in positivist science, by arguing that the self-consciousness of human beings (the ability to think, act and feel) is not a significant factor in our ability to understand social behaviour. This, correspond to positivists, is be vex peoples behaviour is, at its genesis, incessantly a reaction to some form of remark. This stimulation can be from their socialisation (as we shall see in minister of religions work), or it can be something more than direct like the need to earn a living or a confrontation with another human. This produces one of the checks of positivist sociology, as we shall see, action and the moment placed on that action becomes unimportant for study, only the cause of the action, the stimuli, has whatsoever sociological value for positivists.The positivist view of sociology, of its aims, of its methods, is sure a pithious one. Two of the first sociologists to question these methods, and the first that can be labelled as interpretivist, were Weber and Simmel. Weber argues that sociology is not nameed with totalising explanations only respective(prenominal)s have an ontological veryity, society does not exist in that real sense, and so sociological explanations must be in terms of various(prenominal) events and processes. (Craib 1997 p51) Rickerts term of Geisteswissenschaften (literally the sciences of the savour/mind) greatly captivated Webers aim of what sociology should be. The ontological reality which Weber speaks of is that humans are very diametrical from other natural beings. We have free go forth, an inner life, use symbols, cause language, live in culture and act meaningfully. This ontological reality ensures that humanity cannot be studied use positivist scientific methodology, or any other conventional scientific methodology, sociology must use other methods. go the natural sciences wish to explain natural events, sociology, as understood by Weber, Rickert or Simmel, wishes to understand social action. Social scientists should endeavour to understand social action in very much the same way as one searchs to understand other people, by communicating, through empathy, and through argument. These views are also associated with, and expanded upon, by the philosopher Peter Winch. (Winch 1958)Sociology differs from the natural sciences in that it does not deal with a pre given universe of objects. People attri savee meaning to their social world and act jibely. (Baert p97) Weber, in his Methodology of The Social Sciences, points out that all knowledge of cultural reality is always from a position point of view. The philosophical idea that there is no truth, only human opinion is prevalent in this argument. Simmel emphasises and expands upon this point, In the last resort the content of any science doesnt rest on simple purpose facts, hardly always involves an recitation and shaping of them a ccording to categories and rules that are a priori of the science concerned. (Stones p74) Any scientific conclusion, be it in the field of physics or sociology, has to be interpreted by its author, then represented by that same author and then reinterpreted by those that read it. In these interpretations any truth or law is surrendered to human opinion, human meaning, human sympathy. This criticism of positivist sociology is probably best illustrated by a discussion of a classic positivist sociological text, Emile Durkheims felo-de-se study.In his study, Durkheim analysed the differential gear distribution of the occurrence of suicide by country and region. Durkheim professed to have found suicidogenic currents (Durkheim 1963) in society the pressures to commit suicide, the laws of suicide. Through a positivist, scientific methodology, Durkheim set the pressures to commit suicide were greater in regions where the Protestant faith was dominant, and weaker where universality domin ated. Durkheims account posits an external force (suicidogenic currents) as the cause of suicide cause and effect. (Durkheim 1963) However why suicide occurs tends not to be the issue. To say that suicide is caused, not entirely obviously but in part, by the following of the Protestant faith is to assume that the term suicide is a simple one, a fixed one, with no room for differing meanings. This view is wrong. What is of splendor is how a suicide comes to be defined as such by the coroners court. One must memorialise that a suicide is not an objective fact, but a interpretation, an interpretation that can be influenced by the coroners own personal feelings. If a regnant of suicide is likely to cause the deceaseds family pain and suffering, as is likely if they are Catholics, then the coroner may be inclined, where ever possible, to not record a suicide verdict, but an accidental finale insteadThis alerts us to the problematic nature of Durkheims, and positivist sociology in ge neral, faith on statistics. For Durkheim takes those statistics as giving a true picture of the relative incidence of suicide. But do they? Are they kind of a representation of the interpretation of suicide as opposed to cold serious objective fact? Interactions/ interpretive work on suicide states that suicide statistics are a construction involving police, courts and coroners. Thus for a death to be counted as a suicide involves a complex social process concerning meaning and interpretation, both unquantifiable characteristics of humanity. Thus suicide is not notwithstanding the effect of a social cause, but an interpretation of events, thus not a positivist, scientific event. therefrom if sociologists wish a knowledge of social life, they cannot explain social actors action in terms of cause and effect. Rather, they must seek out what the social actors themselves say they are up to, what they mean. Comtes view shifted in later life, under the influence of Cloitilde de Vau x. He came to see that science alone could not be a binding force for social cohesion as he had earlier supposed. He argued that the intellect must become the retainer of the heart, and advocated a new religion of humanity. (Marshall p509) Comte, the originator of the positivist sociological methodology shifted his emphasis away from positivism in his later work, thus exposing the inbred problems and weaknesses at its methodological core. Positivism has had relatively little influence in contemporary sociology for several reasons. Current views argue that positivism encourages a misguide emphasis on superficial facts without any attention to underlying mechanisms that cannot be observed. (Johnson p231) For example, we cannot observe human agents or the meaning that people give to behaviour and other aspects of social life, but this does not mean that meaning and motive are nonexistent or irrelevant.The best way to illustrate the higher up points is to set them within the context of a positivist sociological study, in this case Parsons work on temper.For society to function, it is logical according to Parsons to deduce that the somebody members of society have to agree with societys rule. For Parsons, the social system ismade up of the interactions of individuals. Of special concern is that such interactions are not random but intermediate by common standards of evaluation. Most important among these are moral standards which may be called norms. (Hamilton p155) When people in society interact the interactions themselves, the emotions that seemingly function them, the goals that the individual actors (people) are hoping to obtain, they are all in fact controlled by the norms of society. The concept of fix is located predominantly at the level of the social system itself and the cultural system becomes a mechanism of the functioning of the social system. (Hamilton p146) These norms are adopted and agreed by each member of the society for Parsons and thi s is his consensus theory. significantly Parsons theory suggests that the power of social expectations, the power of norms, is more pervasive than besides being a moral standard that mediates interaction and personal relationships. They are in fact the organisational foci of personality, of people themselves.Socialisation is the process by which we contemplate to become members of society, both by intrinsicising the norms and values of society, and also learning to bring about our social roles (as worker, friend, citizen and so forth.) (Marshall p624) The family, for instance, is controlled by the same norms as society because it is that society, just it is a smaller component of it. The subsystems of society are analogous to frame parts in the Parsonian model, they are all essential, each provide their own unique function and all interrelate, interpenetrate and are dependent upon one another. Analogous to the human body where each body part has a specific function to perform , and all of those parts work in harmony to keep the structure going, so society is organised. Immersion within these subsystems, such as the family leads to internalizations of norms and objects, and this in turn creates personality. Because personality is internalised from society, The foci of organisation of both types of system lies inthe value systems. (Parsons p357) The values of society are the values of people, or personality. People are not just guided by the norms of society, but their very personalities are organised by the very same norms and principles and morals, according to Parsons. Thus peoples actions are quantifiable, reducible to a law since they are liaise by common standards. As gravity is a constant, so are the norms of a society and therefore of personality.The positivist law here is that personality, every action of a human is controlled by the same standards of evaluation as society. The persons personality is derived directly from society, it is society. Thus a scientific study of society is possible because there is cause and effect, there is a reaction to stimuli. Socialisation is the stimulation that people react to. For Parsons, laws can be discerned from humanity because people will react in predictable ways, mediated by norms, to the stimulation of events and socialisation. Thus sociology can be scientific, empirical and positivist.A major problem with Parsons work is that it reduces human personality to being produced and organised solely by societal expectations and norms. This societal determinism fails to observe or explain where certain feelings, motives and actions originate. Goffman argues that it is . . . against something that the self can emerge. . . Without something to belong to, we have no stable self, and yet total commitment and attachment to any social unit implies a kind of self littleness. Our sense of being a person can come from being drawn into a wider social unit our sense of selfhood can arise through the little ways in which we resist the pull. (Goffman 196 p305) A favourite example of this for Goffman was that of mental patients in asylums. The total institution of an asylum probably forces more strict adhesiveness to societal expectation than most other social situations by using methods such as drug induced control and disciplinary measures such as EST. Yet in these institutions, despite being forced to tactical manoeuvre the role of the mental patient, to conform to societal expectation), patients still resisted those expectations. The hoarding of forbidden materials being an example of this. The motivation to do this does not come from internalisation of norms, as the correct way to behave is to not horde out(p) items. It comes from a need to keep ones own identity, to satisfy need and drives and wants. These take drives and wants are absent from the Parsonian model and a full understanding or explanation of society and social actions needs to take them into account.T he maintenance of this draw close of agreement, this veneer of consensus, is facilitated by each participant concealing his own wants crumb statements which assert values to which everyone present feels obliged to give lip service. (Goffman 1990 p20-21) The norms and laws that Parsons believes to control personality and society, are revealed by Goffman as only being a veneer. Furthermore Goffman states that other feelings and motives in fact influence social action, not just norms. If, as Goffman claims, the so called common standards of evaluation that Parsons identifies are in fact a veneer that hides other motives and feelings, then the actions of humanity are not as easily quantifiable, reducible to a scientific, positivist law, as Parsons first shows.Freuds metapsychology deals with the general structure of mental life. For Freud there were lead psychic structures. The first, the id, contains, those basic drives we have by virtue of being human, of which cozy practice is th e most important. (Craib 1989 p3) The Id is often equated to by Freud as being like an infant, demanding immediate satisfaction irrespective of societal expectations. The Id makes up the greatest part of the unconscious mind and it is in this unconscious realm of basic biologically influenced drives that the motivational forces that Parsons can not identity come from. The Id influences personality. It is important to remember that, as opposed to biological senses driving us to act like a shark would, a mindless automaton, the unconscious is composed not of biological instincts but of the mental representations we attach to these instincts. (Craib 1989 p4) Thus each individual creates their own mental representation for their drives thus meaning that every persons internal world has a different geography. This clearly poses problems for the positivist approach to personality and society and social action, as represented by Parsons here, for if reaction to stimulation is not predic table because each person acts differently, then universal scientific laws can not be established.The second structure of personality according to Freud, the ego or the I is the central organiser of mental life. The third, the superego is feeling of as the conscience. The superego is the internalisation of external control which demands the renuncification of instinctual satisfaction in order that society might be formed and maintained. (Craib 1989 p21) The superego is the part of personality that Parsons identifies the part that internalises norms. The basic drives of the id demand immediate satisfaction, immediate pleasure of those drives, these demands are contrary to the superego norms and morality, and the conflict has to be resolved by the ego. Our consciousness, predominantly consisting of the ego and superego, protects us from our own id impulses that, if they were followed, would leave it impossible for us to exist within society. Freud stated that Civilisation depends up on repressionIf we tried to gratify all our desires, sexual or otherwise, as and when they arose, society, civilisation and culture would vanish over night. (Craib 1984 p195) For Freud the I, is the resolution of the conflict between the id biologically directed drives, and the superegos societal restraints. Therefore personality is the site of the, hopefully, resolved conflict between the normative mind evaluated by common standards as Parsons identifies, and the basic id drives. These Id drives, as I shall show, influence personality thus influence social action and society. This being the case then Parsons explanation for personality is insufficient and so is the positivist claim for the scientific study of society. The positivist tenants of careful observation and measurement quantification formalisation of concepts precision in definition operationalisation of theoretical questions mathematisation logic and systemisation of theory symmetry of explanation prediction and objec tivity cannot be applied to laissez-faire(a) Id drives and impulses. The desire to kill anyone who frustrates us thus becomes unconscious, but none the less remains. (Craib 1989 p24) Evidence for these desires for Freud appears in slips, where the unconscious desire can slip into conscious conversation. Freud quotes the husband who supposedly said, If one of us two die, I shall instill to Paris. (Craib 1989 p24) One can not scientifically measure how these unconscious desires influence and effect social action, especially since it can be so hard to identify them as existing in the first place.A feature of human life is that an instinct such as the sexual instinct is not directed at any one object, but has to be socially channelled, in our society usually towards members of the opposite sex. (Craib 1989 p4) Human beings are restrained by social organisation from a free and high-priced expression of their drives. Through its oppression, society forces people into neuroses and psych oses. (Craib 1989 p19) For Freud the very problems that he and other psychoanalysts dealt with were in fact often as the result of the repression of id drives by the superego and societal repression. As such the very existence of neuroses and psychoses can be seen as evidence to the fact that this conflict does and so exist, that the resolution of this conflict does therefore produce the I with all its faults and problems. To fully understand society, sociology needs to be aware of societal pressures, the Parsons personality through positivism, but also needs to recognise the other meanings and emotions that cannot be quantified, cannot be analysed scientifically. Sociology needs to use interpretivism and positivism together. In terms of this example, Parsons positivist models needs to be considered at great length and detail as he does indeed identify a huge force in shaping society, that of norms and how they do penetrate into the psyche and personality. However, a study that onl y concentrates on the positivist methodology misses the crucial aspects of personality that Goffman and Freud identify, and that is not in the interest of any sociologist.Positivism may be dead in that there is no longer an identifiable community of philosophers who give its simpler characteristics unqualified support, but it lives on philosophically, developed until it transmutes into conventionalism or realism. And even if in its simpler philosophical forms it is dead, the spirit of those earlier formulations continues to haunt sociology. (Halfpenny p120) In conclusion positivisms attempt at scientific sociological methodology, though fallacious is admirable and certainly many of the aspects of positivism should be considered desirable. As quoted elsewhere, positivism is a way of thinking based on the assumption that it is possible to observe social life and establish reliable, valid knowledge about how it works. (Johnson p231) The desire for reliable, valid knowledge is of course a relevant and important sociological aim and some of the tools that positivism uses to try to reach such knowledge are useful and worthwhile. Careful observation, measurement quantification formalisation of concepts precision in definition operationalisation of theoretical questions logic and systemisation of theory symmetry of explanation and prediction and objectivity, if all of these tenants of positivism can at least be attempted in a sociological study then that sociological study will indeed be the better for it. However, sociological study needs to recognise, as Comte himself did, that these aims, in their fullest, are unobtainable and that those aims are not ends in themselves, rather a very rough guide to sociological methodology. As I have hopefully shown above, sociological analysis needs positivism, needs scientific methodology, but a carefully tempered and monitored positivism. The aim of sociology is understanding and that understanding should not be limited by meth odology, especially a methodology that is inherently flawed. Positivism shows us how to analyse data, data that is essential to sociological understand, but that data must not be treated uncritically thus a synthesis of positivism and interpretivism is recommended. To study the social world using a strict scientific methodology is impossible, that does not, of course, mean that scientific methodology is not a useful and critical tool in sociological study.BibliographyBaert, P, 1998. Social theory in the twentieth century. Polity pressCraib, I, 1984. Modern social theory. Wheatsheaf books LtdCraib, I, 1989. Psychoanalysis and social theory the limits of sociology WheatsheafCraib, I, 1997. Classical social theory pub by Oxford university pressDurkheim, E, 1963. Suicide, a study in sociology. RoutledgeGoffman, E, 1961 Asylums. Doubleday AnchorGoffman, E, 1990. The presentation of the self in everyday life. PenguinHalfpenny, P, 1986. Positivism and sociology. RoutledgeJohnson, G 2000 Th e dictionary of sociology BlackwellHamilton, P, 1992. Talcott Parsons critical assessments. RoutledgeMarshall, G 1998. Oxford dictionary of sociology. Oxford university pressParsons, T, The structure of social action Free Press 1949Poloma, M, 1979. Contemporary sociological theory. MacMillanStones, R, 1998. Key sociological thinkers. PalgraveWinch, P, 1958. The Idea Of a Social Science. Routledge

Infections in Hb SD Disease

Infections in Hb SD DiseaseCase ReportHBSD Disease, a compound heterozygote originator pre displaceation with strokeDr. Hasnain Afzal 1 Dr. Syed Farrukh Umair 2AbstractHaemo hematohiston SD S/D is a rare compound heterozygous hemoglobinopathy which presents as disgustful disease similar to homozygous reaping hook cell anemia(1). The patient federal agency being reported is a 8 yr old girl, Kiran who is a resident of Larkana, presented with complains of fever and headache for 15 days which progressed to generalized sparkling water clonic seizures and acute loss of reason while being do by in Larkana. After the electric shaver was stabilized, a thorough history, physical tryout was through initial science lab tests, lumbar puncture, and MRI were performed. Treatment was started on the lines of acute meningoencephalitis on clinical suspicion. On peripheral inception film, sickle shaped cells, take cells, poikilocytosis, anisocytosis were noted and Hb Electrophoresis was se nt which showed compound heterozygous state for Hb S/ Hb D. The lumbar puncture was negative for CSF infection and an transposition diagnosis was sought excogitationThe adult haemoglobin HbA molecule consists of two chains coded by 4 genes on chromosome 16 and two of import chains coded by 2 genes in the gene cluster on chromosome 11(2). reaping hook Hemoglobulin Hb S is a beta chain mental strain which arrives when valine is substituted for glutamic acerb on the coat of the Hb S molecule in the sixth codon of the beta globin chain whereas the most common subtype of HbD i.e HbD Punjab alike known as Haemoglobulin D Los Angeles (after the city where it was first discovered) is also a beta chain variant caused by a glutamic acid to glutamine substitution at codon 121 of the beta globin gene. HbS is associated with a number of compound heterozygous syndromes with other mutant beta globin which include Hemoglobin SC disease, Sickle beta+thalassemia, Sickle beta0thalassemia, S ickle alpha thalassemia, Sickle hereditary persistence of HbF (sickle HPFH), Other little common sickle cell syndrome variants (eg, delta beta0thalassemia, Hb Lepore, HbD, HbO Arab, HbE). HbSD presents as mild to conquer hemolytic anemia unlike HbD homogyzous and simple hetrozygotes which are usually asymptomatic.(3) interchangeA study do on abnormal hemoglobin variants among the major ethnic groups of Karachi in 2002 showed that 60% had iron-deficiency anemia and 40% had hemolytic anemia, of which 20.6 % was collect to thalassemia major, 13% thalassemia trait, 5.1% sickle cell disease, 0.76% hemoglobin D Punjab (HbD Punjab), 0.32% hemoglobin C (HbC), and 0.22% hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin (HPFH) (4).Hb S is the most common Hb variant, its clinical outcome is severe in homozygous or when associated with other hemoglobinopathies, such as beta-thalassemia, Hb C or Hb D. (5). A number of studies have been done on Hb S and Hb C besides Hb D is still poorly studied es pecially in Pakistan. Hemoglobin D has several varients such as HbD Punjab (Los Angeles), Hb D Iran, Hb D Ibadan and Hb D Bushman but the most common variant is HbD-Los Angeles (also called HbD-Punjab). spunky performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) can be used to separate hemoglobin polypeptide chains in the laboratory. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) employs ion exchange order to identify and exchange various fractions of Hb.Hb D can be also distinguished from Hb S by acid electrophoresis or isoelectric focusing (IEF) (separation according to isoelectric points). On alkali electrophoresis (cellulose acetate) Hb D Punjab migrates slower than Hb A which is similar to HbS but its migration under acid electrophoresis (agarose gel) is similar to Hb A (6) In HbSD disease, HbD does not control part in the sickling process, as patients homozygous for HbD do not sickle but mild hemolytic anemia, mild to moderate splenomegaly may occur (7,8). Studies has indicated that alt hough HbD itself does not polymerize, it increases the hydrophobic interaction between Hb S molecules and facilitates the polymerisation of HbS thus enhancing the severity of the disease. (9) HbD heterozygotes with normal HbA have no clinical or hematologic alterations. (6) Table 1.1 Hb Electrophoresis Test Done on high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)HaemoglobinTest Percentage modal(prenominal) PercentageHaemoglobin A20.7%(98-100)Haemoglobin A22.6%(1.5-3.5)Haemoglobin F13%(1-2) Haemoglobin D37.9%(0.0-0.0)Haemoglobin S25.8%(0.0-0.0)Interpretation A+F+D+S+A2Case Report8 yr old, 16 kg, Kiran resident of Larkana district, presented to us on 7th April, 2015 with acute loss of consciousness and recurrent episodes of seizures for 3 days. longanimouss father reported that she was in a usual state of health 15 days support when she developed high grade intermittent fever and constant severe headache associated nausea, vomiting and neck stiffness. She was taken to a primary look at infirmary in Larkana and treated on the lines of viral/bacterial meningoencephalitis. During her hospital stay in Larkana she developed recurrent episodes of generalized tonic clonic seizures which were controlled by multiple anticonvulsant drug agents. First Lumbar pucture was done on 31ST March, 2015 and CSF DR showed 21mg/dl Protein, 68 mg/dl Glucose, CSF TLC 17 and 2-3 RBC/HPF. CT was done on 31st March, 2015 showed generalized mindset edema. Upon arrival in intensive care unit Patel Hospital the patient was in a comatose condition with GCS 5/10, bilateral upgoing planters and flexor response to pain(decorticate) enduring was febrile 103F, other vitals were BP 130/90, Pulse 100, RR 28. After the child was stabilized, a thorough history, physical examination was done initial laboratory tests, lumbar puncture, and MRI were performed. CBC showed normocytic anemia and peripheral film showed target cells, sickle cells, anisocystosis, poikilocytosis, polychromasia diamorphic p icture. Hb Electrophoresis was sent on hematologist advice. patient was started on mannitol to decrease intracranial pressure and multiple antiepileptic agents for seizure prevention. ATT, bacterial and viral meningitis cover was given and CSF DR was sent on 9th April, 2015 which showed 27 mg/dl Protein, 71 mg/dl Glucose, Chloride 123 mg/dl, TLC 04 and 17 RBC/HPF. CSF fluid gram stain, culture were ab initio negative. AFB Culture report to follow in 6 weeks. MRI done on 8th April, 2015 showed widespread abnormal signal intensity land involving bilateral frontal and parietal lobes. Few focal hyperintense signals were identified on bilateral occipital region which may represent areas of ischemic infarction. An alternate diagnosis such as cerebral ischemia due to shrimpy infarcts/ vasculitis involving bilateral frontal and parietal lobes was sought secondary to Hb SD disease. Patient had significant improvement in GCS 10/15 with spontaneous meat opening, withdrawal on pain and few incomprehensible sounds and was shifted out of the ICU due to financial constraints.Graph 1.1 High Performance Liquid Chromatography end pointThe case demonstrates increase susceptibility to infections in Hb SD disease. Studies are rarely on Hb D in Pakistan. Genetic counceling is of pivotal role in hereditary hemoglobinopathies and hospitals should consider it as an important management schema and employ in hospital genetic counceling facilities. Hydroxyurea used to increase Hb F levels in Homozygous Sickle Cell Disease Hb SS disease has shown efficacy by reducing the complications, frequency of transfusions and hospitalization but its role in Hb SD Punjab is not well established. A juvenile study in India showed reduction in incidence of vaso-occlution and frequency line of credit transfusions in Hb SD Punjab disease which is encouraging and more studies should be done on the management of Hb SC compound heterozygous disease. (10)ReferencesRahimah A, Syahira Lazira O, Siti Hi da HM, Faidatul Syazlin AH, Nur Aisyah A, Nik Hafidzah NM, Zubaidah Z. Haemoglobin sickle d punjab a case report. Med J Malaysia. 2014 Feb69(1)42-3.Birol G, Abdullah C, Cagatay U4, Sule MY, Ferda TT, Sevcan TB. -Globin chain abnormalities with coexistent -thalassemia mutations. Arch Med Sci 2012 8, 4 644-649.El-Kalla S, Mathews A R. HbD Punjab in the United Arab Emirates. Hemoglobin 199721369-75.Ghani R,Manji MA,Ahmed N. Hemoglobinopathies among five major ethnic groups in Karachi, Pakistan. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health.2002 Dec33(4)855-61.Thom CS, Dickson CF, Gell DA, Weiss MJ. Hemoglobin variants biochemical properties and clinical correlates. ColdSpring Harb Perspect Med. 20133(3)a011858.4.Torres Lde S,Okumura JV,Silva DG,Bonini-Domingos CR. Hemoglobin D-Punjaborigin,distributionand laboratory diagnosis. Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter.2015 Mar-Apr37(2)120-6. doi 10.1016/j.bjhh.2015.02.007. Epub 2015 Feb 23.Adekile A, Muah-AlI A, Akar NA. Does elevated hemoglobin Fmodulate the phenotype in Hb SD-Los Angeles? ActaHaematol. 2010123(3) one hundred thirty-five9.Taghavi Basmanj M, Karimipoor M, Amirian A, Jafarinejad M,Katouzian L, Valaei A, et al. Co-inheritance of hemoglobin D and thalassemia traits in three families clinical relevance.Arch Iran Med. 201114(1)613.Winford CW, John NL. Wintrobes Clinical Hematology, 11th edn. Philadephia 2004. pp. 1347-81.Patel S, Purohit P, Ranjeet SM, Dehury S, Meher S, Sahoo S,et al. The effect of hydroxyurea on compound heterozygotesfor sickle cell-hemoglobin D-Punjaba single centreexperience in eastern India. Pediatr Blood Cancer.201461(8)13416.32.