Eating - Pica Essay Example for Free

eat em EssayPica is a compulsion to eat non forage items when it is considered to be developmentally malapropos for a time length of no less than one month. This upset, as well know as a phenomenon has been around since ancient times, with genuine cultures accepting this not as a disorder, but as an legitimate practice. There argon several categories for describing pica. Some of the most normally described types of pica are take earth, soil or clay (Geophagia), ice (Pagophagia), and starch (Amylophagia) in humans. (http//www. encyclopedia. com/topic/pica. aspx).Pica is usually notice in pregnancy, developmental delay and mental retardation, psychiatric disease and autism, early childhood, poor nutrition, lack of specialised nutrients, vitamins, and/or minerals, and certain specific religions and their corresponding specific traditions. The specific intellects for Pica are unknown, but certain conditions and situations can increase a persons risk Nutritional deficie ncies such as atomic number 26 and zinc Dieting- consuming non food items to obtain a feeling of fullness Malnutrition-especially in underdeveloped countries. heathen factors such as family practices and religious factors Parental neglect, lack of supervision, or food deprivation Developmental problems affable health conditions Pregnancy Epilepsy Brain damage (http//kidshealth. org/PageManager. jsp? dn=KidsHealthlic=1ps=107cat_id=146article_set=22148) Research suggests that there is no known cause for this disorder. In most studies into the disorder, the habit of eating non-nutritive substances usually clears up on its on terms for no known reason.Nevertheless, this disorder should be considered serious, as there are multiple risk factors up to and including death that open as outcomes. Pica has been shown to be a predisposing factor in accidental ingestion of poisons, particularly result poisoning. The ingestion of bizarre or unusual substances has also resulted in other potent ially life dark toxicities, such as hyperkalemia after cautopyreiophagia (ingestion of burnt match heads) (http//emedicine. medscape. com/article/914765-overview) To date, there are no research testing groundoratory studies to show the onset, cause, and /or leading factors that contribute to this disorder.It is common practice to identify and treat a person for effects only after they have become susceptible to medical treatment. Physical examination conclusions are highly dispersed and depend directly on what substance has been ingested. Most research suggests that pregnant cleaning lady crave a specific nutrient missing from their diet, therefore consuming a specific non food substance rich in that nutrient to fulfill what their body is looking for. Most children up to cardinal years old are said to simply be exploring their environment and do so by putting everything into their mouths.Medications used to help treat Pica disorder are commonly SSRIs such as Olanzapine a drug ty pically used to treat the symptoms of various mental illnesses that cause a loss of interest in life, unusual thinking, or inappropriate emotions, such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Clozapine another drug used to treat the symptoms of various mental illnesses by transforming earthy substance activities in the brain. Risperidone used to treat the symptoms assoc. with manic states and bipolar disorder.Both Olanzapine and Clozapine belong to a class of atypical antipsychotics that are sometimes used in Pica tolerants to help change the bureau they see certain materials and reduce their negative eating habits. Risperidone can be used to treat the symptoms of Pica disorder, as well as some of the underlying causes, including depression and psychotic factors. The most successful climax to treating a client with Pica disorder is a behavioral approach. Behavioral strategies have been shown to be extremely effective in treating many forms of Pica, up to and including Discrimin ation training.Mouth self-protection devices Reinforcement behaviors Screening techniques (ex covert eyes) Aversive oral taste (mint, lemon, etc. ) Aversive smell techniques Aversive physical sensation (ex ersatz response) Brief physical restraint Consultations (http//www. health guideinfo. com/other-eating-disorders) In General, the use of medications for Pica disorder are commonly used for the person(s) with a mental handicap, or in combination with any other medical diagnosis (ex depression, ADHD, obsessive compulsive disorder).Many physicians will have a focused aim on finding out if the body is lacking a nutrientusually noted to be iron. There is no evidence to say that a lack of iron is linked to the disorder. Side effects will also vary depending on the type of substance was ingested. Common side effects include constipation, cramping, pain, obstruction of intestine or intestine due to blockage, perforation from ingesting sharp objects, contamination and infection from in gesting parasites, weight gain, malnutrition, gestational diabetes false +, and reduced absorption of nutrients in the stomach (http//www. encyclopedia.com/topic/Pica. aspx).There is no true prognosis for Pica disorder as it depends on the substance and amount of the substance taken in. Usually the side effects and complications range to dissipate as the behavior is stopped. Pica is seen in studies to subside once the labor has been successful and in children as they age, usually around two years of age. There are no specific lab studies indicated in the evaluation of a person with pica. Lab tests are generally completed when a patient has been seen by their physician for a complaint.As a patient admitted to the E. R. , the attending Dr.may order abdominal x-rays, atomic number 56 swallows of the G. I. tracts, and an upper GI endoscopy in order to get a handle of what has been ingested and the location of the substances.A rock of commonly ingested non-food items consumed includes Dirt Clay Paint chips Plaster Chalk Cornstarch Laundry starch baking hot soda Coffee grounds Cigarette ashes Burnt match heads Cigarette butts Feces Ice attach Hair Buttons Paper Sand Toothpaste Soap A common approach used is education for patients in regards to a healthy approach to consumption to adequate sources of food substances. A common failure is non-information end-to-end the world.

The two worlds in the poems Essay Example for Free

The two worlds in the poems EssayThe poems I am comparing are presents from my aunts in Pakistan by Moniza Alvi, two scavengers in a truck, two beautiful people in a Mercedes by Lawerence Ferlinghetti and nothings changed by Tatamkhulu Afrika. All these three poems compare two different worlds. The poem by Moniza Alvi compares the Asiatic traditions and the western traditions. The poem by Tatamkhulu Afrika compares how etiol take ind people and black people where treated in Africa later a war. The poem by Lawerence Ferlinghetti compares the world between rich, richesy people and the poor people in San Francisco. The poem Nothings changed is written by a poet who returns to his homeland after a part of the country was say as whites only. The country that the poet calls his homeland is now destroyed and the poet expresses the anger he felt when the place was root destroyed. He now sees new restaurants which look expensive and stylish with a guard at the gatepost. And get on down the road he sees a working mens cafi where people eat without plates from a plastic tabletop.This location makes him really angry because the white people were seated inside the exclusive restaurant with its ice white glasses and single rose on the table while the black people in Africa ate on plastic table top and wiped their hands on their jeans. The poem is set out in six stanzas and each of the stanzas consists of eight lines which are fairly short. Stanza one consists of a single sentence and it describes what the sees when he first walks into the country that was his homeland cans trodden on crunch in tall purple flowering, amiable weeds.This shows how the poet feels when he sees his homeland. The second stanza has a repetition of and and it also shows that the poet feels the racial separation in this country in either bone in his body, eg my feet know, and my hands, and the skin about my bones. The remaining paragraphs explain the poets feelings towards the white peo ple. The title of the poem refers to the wealth of the white people and the poverty of the black people. The poet had obviously hoped that things would change by the time he came approve but to his dismay nothing has changed and it seems like that things have gotten worse.

Doing Business in Japan Essay Example for Free

Doing melodic line in japan EssayAs a result of learning active the geography, climate, history, religion, cultural rituals, politics, education system, and the role of the family it forget allow a blood line or business both(prenominal) hotshotness the insight needed to understand how society functions and the method in which business is conducted. Geography Climate japan is an island nation that is located across the lacquerese Sea. Japan consists of the islands of Hokkaiodo, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu (Yamada Kurashige, 2003). The landscape of Japan is seventy- nonpareil percent cragged (Population Demographics, 2007). Japan is a small sphere that is situated in the northern temperate zone. Japan experiences the tetrad seasons similar to that of North America. Japan experiences typhoons which argon a lot stronger than their sister hurri sesses in the Atlantic (Yamada Kurashige, 2003). devotion Over eighty-four percent of the people in Japan observe Buddhism, Sh into or a combination of both. Confucianism from China added loyalty and hierarchy to the mix, and Taoism gave inn and sanction to the system of govern custodyt. The introduction of Buddhism brought contemplative ghostlike aspects and helped to develop their horticulture of art and architecture.With the addition of Christianity, western ideas most measurablely social justice and amend were infused into society (Long, 1994). Religion is not a large part of the Japanese society, but people result usually practice such holidays as birthdays, weddings and funerals (Japan, 2007). Recent History Japan went through major diverge during the World warf ar II, when most of their cities and infrastructure was damaged or destroyed. After the war, they drafted a new privateity and the population of Japan began rebuilding the country. In besides a few decades, Japan become the second base largest economy in the world.In the 1990s, Japan suffered and economic down turn because of scanda ls and over-investment. The Asian economic crisis of 1998 caused Japan to experience its worst recession since World War II (Japan History, 2007). From 2003 onward the economy has been improving, even stand out at one point, that of the United States and E. U. (Economy of Japan, 2007). Current Issues in Japan Political Issues All foreigners projecting the country ar to be fingerprinted and photographed in a recent effort to fight terrorism. Also, airlines and ships must provide rider lists before arriving in the country.Some may be genuinely reluctant to have their photograph and fingerprints taken. rider lists may be time consuming and costly for cruise lines or freight vessels that wish to enter the country. There is pressure from the United States, for Japan to resume refueling of foreign vessels in the Indian Ocean, further there is much opposition within the Japanese government. This opposition may lead to tension in the midst of Japan and the United States. This could le ad to some negative consequences for United States-Japan trade. (Chief, 2007).The Japanese government has sent a senior foreign minister to Iran to inquire about the kidnapping of Satoshi Nakamura, a Japanese student, more than a month ago. The Iranian Government is ignoring Japan, forcing the Japanese minister to Pakistan to ask for help in this matter (Official release, 2007). This entrust only negatively affect Iranian-Japanese relations. Social Issues Twenty percent of Japans population is age sixty or older. At the same time, the country has had a declining birthrate for a few decades. The population of Japan peaked(p) in 2004 and started to decrease afterwards.The reasoning given is that that more women ar turning and they do not curb it necessary to have children. (Japan fertility, 2005). One blogger notes that women may be insecure about having children (Coco, 2006). The shortage of labour will force more older men to stay in the work force as well as force more women into the business world. Economic Issues Japans declining birthrate is a major concern for the Japanese economy. The country needs to maintain a healthy population to keep its economy strong this is proving very difficult (Atsumi, 2007).One fore foregathern problem of the low fertility rate is that the already suffering social indemnity fund could be crippled further (Japan fertility, 2005). The Tax Commission has found that taxes must be increase in order the finance the growing social welf are costs. People in Japan are purchasing portable technology, and the Japanese market is showing a sharp decline in get of home computers. With the high costs of home computers and the advances in technology could mean a shift in how people use and access the internet.The companies that produce home computers are now shifting their focus to the growth world (PCs, 2007). Social Organization Family Japanese families moved away from their traditional family structures after World War II when t he occupying American forces created a new, westerly, family ideology. The father still remains the head of most traditional families in Japan, but there are shifts in how a Japanese family is organized. Women, who would have remained at home to dispense the household affairs, are now obtaining employment outside of the household.Since more Japanese women are entering the workforce, the men are organism required to take on more of the household and child raising responsibilities (Long, 1994). some different change that has occurred in Japanese society is the idea of the multi-generation family living together. Although common at one time, many a(prenominal) elderly people are not living with their families anymore (Family, 2007). Roles of Men and Women Japan was traditional a male centered society. However, shortly after World War II women were legally given bear on rights as men. A great change came when women started to work outside the household.Companies in Japan were, and still are, direful for skilled workers, and with participation of women in the workforce, it helped companies fill their need for workers (Matsui, 2007). Workplace In the workplace, as in other areas of the Japanese collectivist culture, they view themselves as part of a group. Workers are expected to show the last loyalty to the firms they work for. Leadership in Japan is not based on a western values of assertiveness or quick decision making. A good leader in Japan is expected to take the interests of his subordinates into account and create consensus among the group.Seniority within a group is determined by age and length of service, rather than by individual effort and initiative (Genezberger et al. , 1996). Their system of group forethought rewards the team effort and rarely the individual. Often accomplishments are credited to the entire group and not the individual. Individuals are motivated to participate in group activities and maintain harmony. The pride of the indiv idual or the group is expressed through competition with similar groups in the company or other companies (Long, 1994). Proper Etiquette for Doing Business in JapanPerception of Westerners The Japanese have some common preconceived notions about Westerners. Japanese see Westerners as lacking patience, lots interrupting, and being bad listeners. They often see Westerners as being futile to work in teams. They may seeWestern expressions of friendship as insincere. Japanese may sometimes perceive Westerners as being selfish. Business Etiquette Protocol In Japanese culture personal space is highly respected, they are not a tactile people, and they dislike being crowded. In Japanese culture they try to vacate direct eye contact with other individuals.When yawning, coughing, or using a toothpick, they cover their mouths. The pointing of feet at some other person is considered to be rude, and is therefore key to sit with correct posture. Criticizing and disrespecting authority openl y, and being impatient are seen as disrespectful. In business, the personal relationships are off the beaten track(predicate) more important than the business itself. In order to do business with a company in Japan formal introductions, patience, flexibility, and respect are vital. Business wags are very important in Japanese business culture, and business people often carry many business cards.When meeting a business contact for the first time it is important to bow, or shake hands, then exchange business cards. When presenting or receiving a business card one is expected to use both hands and put it in a pocket, above the waist, after carefully reading it. For foreigners, it is common practice to have a Japanese translation on the back of the card (Genezberger et al. , 1996). Men and women are expected to wear are dark and expensive suits. Business women are promote to wear conservatively. Business meetings must be scheduled far in advanced.Before the meeting, Westerners should mail or fax a detailed list outlining what is to be discussed. One must establish relationships with middle and younger level managers or they may resent the person for having bypassed them and feel they have been insulted. When visiting a Japanese company it is customary to remove ones jacket immediately upon entering and putting it back on as soon as one leave. The leader of the group should introduce each of the group members in locomote order of rank. Visitors are to exchange business first with the Japanese executives and then with subordinates in descending order.In the Japanese culture there is an expectation of receiving a ease up at the first meeting. The presentation of the award can be as or more important that the actual gift itself. Gifts must be given with both hands, and are often rejected a few times before they are accepted. Gifts are not opened when they are received. Certain flowers or potted plants do not take hold suitable gifts because of the meaning the Japanese associate with them. It is recommended to inform that one informs they are giving a gift beforehand (Roberts. 2007). Socializing EatingJapanese extend their affinity to their groups by socializing outside of work (Long, 1996). Japanese men and women are considered heavy drinkers. Incorrect behaviour while drunk is often forgiven. In Japan it is not expected for one to leave a tip for their servers. In restaurants, where sitting on the group is required, is common practice for men to sit cross-legged and women to sit on their legs or with their legs reach to one side. Communication High context High context and low context are twain terms used to describe broad differences between cultures.High context cultures are those where the main aspects of the culture are vague and not explicit. Generally collective cultures tend to be high-context, where much of what is being give tongue to is non-verbal, and the level of understanding depends on your relationship with the other party. Japan is a prime example of a high context culture (Beer, 2003). Face Saving face means preserving your or someone elses dignity, self-respect, or good reputation. In cultures that are high-context face is a major characteristic. There are many ways that a person might cause the other individual to lose face.Derogatory remarks, reveling of personal inadequacy, or being forced to compromise a cherished value are ways in which face is broken (Face, 2007). Avoiding a loss of face generally means never saying no, and being politely evasive when conveying disagreement (Face, 2007). Greetings When conducting business in Japan, it is very important to know the decorous amount of respect owed to individuals. Japan has a very formal and ritualized culture. Bowing is the Japanese custom greeting. How far you bow depends on your relationship with the other individual (Genezberger et al. , 1996).If you were to be greeted for the first time in Japan, it is recommended that one waits to be introduced, since it can be seen as being rude to introduce oneself. Foreigners may be only expected to bow their head slightly or shake hands (Doing Business, 2007). Practical Considerations Immigration In an effort to counter terrorism, all foreigners will be finger printed and photographed when entering the country. Japan has an agreement with some countries where only passports are required to enter. Foreigner tourists are required to carry their passports at all times. A visa required if one plans on extending their stay over 90 days.It usually takes about two days to a week to obtain a Visa, depending on the situation at the embassy you are applying. A single visa costs 3000 yen to obtain. Certain countries have exemptions from paying fees. (A Guide, 2007). Travel When traveling in Japan it is recommended that one does not travel long distances, because of cost. However, traveling long distance one can travel by train, highway bus, airplane, or long distances ferries. Rent ing a car is another scuttle for travel. Accommodations For single travelers the prices of hotel rooms will vary depending on the travelers budget.The price range for low-budget business hotels would cost between 3,500 and 7,000 yen per day. For more expensive business hotels, or Western entitle hotels the prices can be from 7,000 yen and above. Adaptation and Survival Public washrooms rarely have toilet paper, so one should bring their own. It is important to ask for a toi, short for toilet, not a bathroom, otherwise one may be directed to a room for bathing. When traveling, it is polite to store your backpack or luggage out of the way of other travelers (Haslam, 2002). Heath Emergencies All households are required to have a survival of the fittest kit in case of an earthquake. Japan Travel, 2007). English speaking hospitals and services may not be covered by Japanese national health insurance, and could end up costing visitors money (Rogers, 1994). finding Japan is a very c ollectivist culture and it very apparently in everyday business dealings. To a Western business person business protocol and etiquette may seem very unusual. It is important to understand that their traditions and customs are deeply rooted in their history. However, Japanese people view Western business practices just as unusual, but they are very accommodating to foreign business people. References

E-Business Essay Example for Free

E-Business EssaySupply chain circumspection is a battery of procedures that involve planning, executing and organizing the operations of a emerge chain (Haag et al. , 2006). such cluster of procedures covers totally activities of a company, including management of raw materials, inventory and final products at both the point-of-origin and point-of-consumption. Supply chain management requires the modification of management from an individual-based level of performance to an integration of operations as key processes in the supply chain. One simple example involves the placement of purchase orders by the purchasing department of the company. This is then linked by the communication of the marketing department with particular distributors and retailers. Such efforts in integrating several processes in order to maximize and speed up a general process may result in an extremely efficient company. The integration of the financing technology and supplier outreach services facilita tes reduction in expectant requirements and finance costs associated with the clients (Kemp, 2006). The reduction in requirements and costs is attained through the help of the supply chains, which permits retailers and suppliers to interpret with the website and interactive with the supply chain system.Such technological innovation of doing e-business helps them track down the payments of any transactions completed or still in progress (Timmers, 2000). In addition, suppliers and buyers are able to work in partnership to settle the final price and this is usually done through the receipt of credit memoranda. Such setting facilitates a faster process of trading. The integration of operations enhances the relationship between the supplier and the buyer, disregardless of employment, gender and physical backgrounds.

The Omnivore’s Dilemma Essay Example for Free

The Omnivores Dilemma EssayThis book by Michael Pollan wishes to illustrate to the readers several(prenominal) eat dilemmas that we humans experience. Since we atomic number 18 considered as omnivores, we basically could eat anything, from meat, vegetables, to processed foods. Because of this we argon set about with the task of choice, what we should eat, how much we should eat, when we should eat it. This book wishes to address the eating line of work that the society experiences today. This book tackles the complexity of us humans, wherein the choice that we make when it comes to our meals tells us what kind of person we are. What makes the situation more difficult is that we are faced with various choices with the advent of technology and advancements in agriculture. This book tackles the sad reality of the American diet, wherein nearly Americans are said to be dysfunctional eaters, as a result of a fast-paced lifestyle. For people on the go, fast foods is a convenient source of their meals, thus creating a fast food diet for most of the Americans. This was, according to Pollans diagnosis, was the national eating dis rate, wherein the abundance of the attainable food sources becomes a problem.Because of this abundance, people a good deal make the mistake of choosing the inappropriate meal for him (Hutson, 2006). Unlike former(a) animals, man has a roach of choices. The native bear for example, has no problem in choosing what to eat because it only nibbles on eucalyptus leaves. As for humans, we could eat meat, vegetables, fruits, and other foods. We cant eat all of these foods at once, thats why we have to make a choice on what to put in our stomach. Mixing this dilemma with the lifestyle of the modern man a great deal leads to choosing the wrong set of meals.Time is of the essence for most of us, wherein we choose to spend more snip running(a) than concentrating on what to cook, what would be healthy, nutritious or delicious. We often rely on fast foods like McDonalds for our meals. simply eating fastfood doesnt mean eating the right food (Kamp, 2006). Pollan has given emphasis on the triplet principal food chains that we humans usually engage in. These include the Industrial, Organic and Hunter/ accumulator register meals. Industrial. The Industrial types are those who thrive on corn. They usually have corn on their diet, whether or not they are aware of it.These people are usually those who live on fast foods. Corn binds the intellect meat of the McNuggets, and used as sweetener for soft drinks and sodas. It is likewise used to obtain fat, plump meats for your meals. When you are an industrial type, you are considered to be as partially fossil fuel, because of the fact that corn requires a lot of nitrogen from the soil and is usually cultivated with fertilizer in order to get the necessary amounts of nitrogen. It is also an effective food supplement for the cows, wherein theyre supposed to eat grass.Organic. A nother type is the Organic eater, which are mainly made up of grass. These are the ones who eat mostly vegetables in their diets. But then the problem that arises with this was the transportation of these goods. Transportation entails large costs wherein we are spending much not for the food alone but for the shipping expenses. This is impractical albeit nutritious, that is why it is advisable to grow organics in your own backyards, which is impossible for those spirit urban lives. Hunter/Gatherer.Another menu was the hunter/gatherer, wherein it consists of ingredients that came from animals shot dead or foraged. This tackles the constraints of taking outside(a) the lives of animals in order to feed and suppress your hunger. The book presented these facts to a reader in a conversational-persuasive manner. He wishes to impart to the readers the various eating patterns that we are presently observing and the underlying consequences it has to offer. This book tells us of the eating h abit or pattern that has resulted through the years and then supplies the downside of every concept.This is a fair congressman of the real situation that we are facing straightway. Taking for example its take on the Industrial foods, it luxuriant the culprit of the fattening of the American population which was the corn. It showed the readers where corn might be in their diets, and then gave the possible disconfirming effects it poses. It also showed that it is a cheap source of calories. But at the latter part, he also emphasized that it has major contributions on the fattening of the people, leading to obesity (Alter, 2006).This book is significant to the readers because it promotes awareness. It gives us the fair share of knowing what were eating. It is like deconstructing our meals, looking closely at its compositions and ingredients, analyzing the positive and negative effects it could bring to the human body. Awareness is a step in which everyone could take in order to liv e a healthy life. This book doesnt impose what to eat it merely suggests or shows what could be the underlying effects the meals we are eating could bring us.This book is a clear illustration of what could be the most important things that we often disregard or neglect when it comes to our meals. This is essential for our well being, especially now that the we are living in a fast-paced world, wherein we dont have the luxury of time to eat and decide what we should intake. Most of us could learn a lot of new things in this book, and this is extremely recommended to all readers, not only for those who are concerned with their health, but also to those who value every looking of their lives.References Alter, L. (2006). Book Review The Omnivores Dilemma. Retrieved March 8, 2007, from http//www. treehugger. com/files/2006/05/book_review_the_1. php Hutson, S. (2006). Michael Pollan. Retrieved March 8, 2007, from http//www. michaelpollan. com/omnivore. php Kamp, D. (2006). Deconstructin g Dinner. Retrieved March 8, 2007, from http//www. nytimes. com/2006/04/23/books/review/23kamp. html? ex=1303444800en=3c0958f57a4112b7ei=5088partner=rssnytemc=rss

Received controllable shocks Essay Example for Free

Received controllable shocks EssayThey both said that the extent of a persons social network and their perceived sense of halt ar positively linked. The role of control in the perception of line besides plays a part. A sense of control reduces the extent to which a situation may be experienced stressful. It has been suggested that control affects the resistive system. Laudenslager et al. (1983) showed direct effects on the immune system.He used rats that were placed in three groups, wiz received controllable shocks, the second group were a yoked control (received the same shocks as the first rat, alone they had no direct control over the shocks), a third group received no shocks. alone the rats were injected with cancer cells. Laudenslager found that 65% of the controlled shock group rejected the cancer cells, comp bed with only 27% of the yoked controlled and 55% of the no-shock group. His study suggests that control is important to the functioning of the immune system .Psychological approaches have also been applied in anger management courses since anger has been found to increase vulnerability to heart disease. B) Asses the strengths and weaknesses of two biological approaches (6) one biological approach is biofeedback. It is a technique to learn how to control involuntary muscles, or voluntary muscles that are non normally controlled, such as blood pressure and heart rate. The aim of it is to reduce autonomic nervous system activity and therefore the bodily sensations associated with stress. In lick this will reduce the consequent effects of stress in terms of illness.An individual is attached to a monitor that produces feedback about some physiological activity. (E. g. The mechanism would produce an auditory or visual signal to indicate weather an individuals heart rate is excessively high or about right. ) These machines provide all different feedback to the patient, who is then taught techniques to reduce the levels. (Such as balance training. ) This means that physiological activity is brought under control. The key thing is that physiological activities are ones we wouldnt usually be able to control.Biofeedback has been shown to produce short and long-term reductions in heart rate, blood pressure, skin temperature, and brain-wave rhythms. Biofeedback training does raiment into three main stages developing an awareness of the particular physiological response (e. g. heart rate), learning ship canal of controlling that physiological response in quiet conditions. This can include providing rewards for successful control in addition to feedback. Then transferring that control into the conditions of everyday life. Dworkin and Dworkin (1988) did a study with teenagers who were suffering from curvature of the spine (scoliosis).The teenagers successfully used biofeedback techniques to learn how to control the muscles of their spine and thus alter the posture and overcome the disorder. Another biological approach is A nti-anxiety drugs. The body produces chemicals (hormones) that create anxiety. This can be countered using other chemicals (i. e. drugs) that reduce anxiety. There are several different types of drugs that all work differently. Barbiturates are depressants of the central nervous system, and long-acting barbiturates are efficient in cut anxiety. However, they do have various side effects.They can create problems of concentration, lack of coordination, and heavyset speech. They also tend to be addictive. Anxious patients who stop taking barbiturates report numerous symptoms such as delirium, irritability, and increased sweating. The problems with them led them to be replaced by benzodiazepines in the 1960s. These are the most used anti-anxiety drugs, such as Valium and Librium. They promote GABA, the bodys natural relief of anxiety relief which reduces serotonin levels, which will in turn reduce arousal. Although, they are very effective and used by millions of people, they also ha ve some of uncalled-for side effects.They often have sedative effects, and can make people feel drowsy. They can also cause cognitive and memory impairments, they sometimes lead to feelings of depression. Also, many people become dependent on benzodiazepines, and find it very hard to stop taking them. Sudden removal of benzodiazepines can lead to a return of the initial symptoms of intense stress and anxiety. Ants-anxiety drugs can be very effective at reducing feelings of stress. However, they do not address the problems that are causing stress. They help cope with stress but not to manage it.

Private military contractors Essay Example for Free

reclusive sol discoverry contractors EssayIntroduction Private force contractors, also known as personal tribute contractors provide a number of different work for the UN force in Iraq. Various services include the preparation of meals, navigating army supply vehicles, army teaching and security for US get throughicials. Some toffee-nosed forces contractors also provide interrogation and translating services for the US military.Contractors providing this service in particualr have been suspected of a number of human rights ill-uses at the Abu Ghraid Prison. Other activities by private military contractors have raised issues about add-on c hotshotrns and the abuse of womrens rights. There atomic number 18 currently at least 100 private military contractors in Iraq.1 This discussion looks at the curious function of private military companies in Iraq and examines their impact on the rights of women.Private Military Companies in Iraq The US military and the State Dep artment spends billions of dollars on private security contractors in Iraq.2 These contractors according to the Washington location arOut of public view, have been engaged in a parallel surge, boosting manpower, adding expensive armor and stepping up evasive action as attacks increase.3 The primary goal is to offset chronic troop dearth and the number of invidual contractors are between 20,000 and 30,000.4 David Isenberg in a report by the British American security system Information Council published on September 4, 2004 maintains that it is impossible to accurately account for the number of private military companies currently in Iraq. This is because only PMCs whose contracts exceed $50 million are required to be reported to Congress.5 Isenberg complains that the legal status of private military companies is especially problematic since there is no sure provision in contradictory law to account for their role and definition.6 While many view the private military effect a s mercenaries, they do non fit the definition of mercenry within the meaning of the geneva Convention.7 Article 47 describes a mercenary as an idividual who takes part in military combat and is not a national andis motivated to take part in the hostilities essentially by the desire for private gain and, in point, is promised, by or on behalf of a Party to the conflict, material compensation comfortably in excess of that promised or paid to combatants of similar ranks and functions in the armed forces of that Party.8 James Conachy however, refers to these private military force as modern-day mercenaries.9 Conachy aligns their physical front end with their abstract presence. While they are by and lifesize not subjected to transparency and legal accountability in the traditional sense they operate out of constant and from unmarked vehicles.10 They go about their business in this manner while manning roadblocks, or stalking outstide building, with appliance guns.11 As a result, the private militaray presence in Iraq has become an ubiquitous and offensive symbol of the US occupation.12 Conachy maintains that the need for private military presence in Iraq is obviated by the bredth of US military deployment overseas avocation the September 11 terrorist attacks. Without the use of private military companies the US would be compelled to send more phalanx to Iraq from an already depleted armed force or would have to seriously consider reviving the military draft.13 It is obvious from this assessment of the single purpose of the private military that distinguishes them from the Article 47 definition of mercenary. Mercenaries are not aligned to a paritcular party and obviously the private military contractors are aligned to the US and are used to facilitate the US militarys shortfall. The following description of private military duties takes them well outside of Article 47s definition of mercenaryFar more than in any other conflict in United States history, the Pentagon is relying on private security companies to perform of import jobs once entrusted to the military.14It is clear that private military companies are not in actual combat. Mercernaries, according to the geneva Convetions are actively fighting . humankind Rights Concern and Women In an article published in the Guardian, Luke Harding explains that the exuberant extent of abuse toward women by all sectors of the military in Iraq will not be full known. This is primarily because Islamic women rarely discuss violations of a sexual nature. disgrace, Harding maintains is a symbol of shame in the muslim cosmos and victims can be scratch offed to salvage family honour.15 The most shocking incidents of abusive treatment of women bulge from the Abu Ghraib jail which was primarily manned by private military personnel.16 Accroding to Patrap Chatterjee the private militarys role at the Abu Ghraib jail was one of interrogation which brought them into more frequent contact with the ca ptives than other jail personnel.17 The International Committee of the Red Cross reported that in October 2003 there were approximately thirty pistillate person captives in the Abu Ghraib jail.18 According to prison personnel, that number was reduced to five by May of 2004.19 The Internation League for Peace and freedom had documented some eye witness accounts of abuse at the Abu Ghraid jail. One such account was inclined to Iman Khamas who heads the International Occupation Watch Center, a private organization that collects anti-human rights information. The account came from a former prisoner who told Khamas of a transport incident at the jail. Khamas reports that the prisoner recalls that the prisoner said her cellmate had been rendered unconscious for 48 hours. She claimed she had been raped 17 times in one day by Iraqi police in the presence of American spends.20 Another report originated from Mohammed Daham al-Mohammed who heads an Iraqi group, the Union of Detainees an d Prisoners. According to a-Mohammed he was informed of a get under ones skin of four who had been arrested in December of 2003 and killed herself after being raped by US guards who forced her economise to watch while incarcerated at the Abu Ghraib jail.21 According to the adult females sister the rape victim attached suicide.22 The victim had told her sister of incidents of physical abuse outside of the rape. In one account she recalled a American male pulling her by the hair and forcing her to look at her husband while the American took off her clothing. After this incident the rape took place. Once released, the woman was afraid to face her husband since he had witnessed the rape and asked her sister to help her commit suicide.23 A former male prisoner reported incidents where women were constantly take away from their cells to private rooms. The prisoner explainsThey had to pass in front of our tent and cried out, Find a way to kill us.24Human Rights groups explain that rap e for a Muslim woman shames the entire family which is why these women would rather die having suffered a rape.25 Khamas recalls an incident in which she visited a woman at the Abu Ghraid jail and a female prisoner told her about a rape, but whispered in her ear despite the fact that no one else was present.26 Khamas, Mohommed and Hoda Nuaimi, a professor in politics at Baghdad University report thatthree young farming(prenominal) women from the Sunni Muslim region of Al-Anbar, west of Baghdad, had been killed by their families after coming out of Abu Ghraib pregnant.Nuaimi said that in the pillow slip of another such woman, who was four months pregnant, her brother had been reluctant to kill his sister because he considered her a victim.27 Luke Harding reports that the premier information about abuse of female victims at the Abu Ghraib jail, a US facility first came to flow by a brand smuggled out of the prison by a female prisoner.28 In the note the woman claimed that women w ere being raped by US personnel and many of them had become pregnant. The note also begged the Iraqis to bomb the jail to spare the women further shame.29 Swadi, a female lawyer among seven representing the female detainees indicated that the abuse was not limited to the Abu Ghraib jail and was happening all over Iraq.30 The shame associated with rape and the minute for family disgrace were evident in the following account from a female prisoner at al-Kharkh, a US military baseShe was the only woman who would talk about her case. She was crying. She told us she had been raped some(prenominal) American soldiers had raped her. She had tried to fight them off and they had hurt her arm. She showed us the stitches. She told us, We have daughters and husbands. For Gods sake dont prescribe anyone about this.31 Luke Harding also reports that an investigation conducted by the US Military which was headed by Major General Antonio Taguba sustain the contents of the note smuggled out of the Abu Ghraib facility. Moreover, digital photographs, according to Tajubas findings also depitcted US personnel engaging in sexual contact with and Iraqi woman.32 Tajubas investigation also found videotapes of nude painting female prisoners.33 There are additional photographs of Iraqi women being forced at gun prognosticate to bare their breasts.34 While these photographs have been relased to Congress they have not been released to the public.35 In May of 2004an Iraqi woman in her 70s had been harnessed and ridden like a donkey at Abu Ghraib and another coalition detention focalise after being arrested last July.36UK Labor Member of Parliament Ann Clwyd investigated the incident and confirmed that it was in fact true. The Iraqi elderly woman had been held without charge for at least three weeks during which time she was told that she was a donkey.37 Luke Harding explains the withering consequences for female rape victims which only accentuates the abuse involved. According to Hard ingHonour killings are not unusual in Islamic society, where rape is often equated with shame and where the stigma of being raped by an American soldier would, according to one Islamic cleric, be unbearable. The prospects for rape victims in Iraq are grave it is hardly strike that no women have so far come forward to talk about their experiences in US-run jails where abuse was rife until early January.38 At the time of writing, Harding describes another incident of physical and mental abuse agianst female detainees in Iraq in which the private military personnel are activiely involved. Five women, according to Harding were being held in solitary confinement in cells measuring just 2.5 meters in length and 1.5 meters in width at Abu Ghraib.39 Captain Dave Quantock who was then in charge of the prisoners at Abu Ghraib told journalists that all female prisoners at Abu Ghraib are unploughed in solitary confinement for 23 hours a day.40 The only entertainment the women are allowed is a ccess to the Koran.41 riddle surrounds the grounds upon which the five females in solitary confinement are held. The general term used is that they are held as security detainees.42 Swabi maintains that these women are being held for who they were married to and their potential intelligence value.43 Be that as it may, the stratum of abusse cannot be justified. Under both US and International laws the cruel and inhuman treatement of prisoners at anytime is unlawful. International humanitarian laws contained in the Geneva Conventions 1949 of which the United States ratified since 1955 requires that during times of war and peace all prisoners are to be treated humanly.44 More over the Geneva Convention IV specifically prohibits rape and indecent invade on women. Article 27 provides as followsWomen shall be especially protected against any attack on their honour, in particular against rape, enforced prostitutiOn, or any form of indecent assault.45 Judicth Gail Gardam and Hillary Char lesworth argue that women have ceaselessly been at risk of force-out in armed conflict. Although the emphasis has always been on sexual violence there have been other forms of violence against women. Gardam and Charlesworth note that the 1995 Beijing Platform for Action called for political sciences worldwide to be out plans for combattingthe effects of armed or other kind of conflict on women, including those living under foreign occupation.46The Iraqi conflict and occupation and the violence against women is therefore nothing new. What is perhaps more affect is the fact that it could happen in light of outside(a) laws and attention to violence against women in the past.Conclusion An satire arises out of these reports. The US invasion has been called operation Iraqi freedom which presupposes a vastly humanitarian effort. to that extent in the course of fighting for Iraqi freedom, those sent to fight for the cause have added to the problem. Roger Normand alleges that the US p ersonnel in Iraq areviolating almost every law intended to protect civilians living under foreign military occupation.47While many of these crimes are being committed by private military companies, the world at large and the Iraqi populace draw no distinction between the US soldiers and the security companies employed by them to help the cause.The private military and security personnel are agents of the US government and as such the US government is vicariosuly liable for the misconduct of the private miliatary contractors. As long as they are permitted to continue working with and for the military and as long as they continue to violate international law particularly article 27 of the fourth Geneva Convention, the US must take responsibility for the ills committed by them. They cannot take the benefit without the burden.BibliographyCenter for Economic and Social Rights.(n.d.) New Report Documents elongated U.S. War Crimes In Iraq. Available online at http//www.ccmep.org/2004_art icles/iraq/061104_CESR.htm Retrieved December 11 2007Chatterjee, Pratap. (May 12, 2004) Private Contractors and Torture at Abu Ghraib, Iraq. res publica Now. Available online at http//www.democracynow.org/2004/5/12/private_contractors_and_torture_at_abu Retrieved December 11, 2007Conachy, Jamers. (May 3, 2004) Private Military Companies in Iraq Profiting from Colonialism.International delegacy of the Fourth Amendment. Available online at http//www.wsws.org/articles/2004/may2004/pmcs-m03.shtml Retrienved December 11, 2007Fainaru, Steve. (June 16, 2007) Iraq Contractors Face Growing Parallel War As guarantor Work Increase, So do Casualties. Washington PostGardam, Judith, Gail and Charlesworth, Hillary. (Feb. 2000) Protection of Women in Armed Conflict. Human Rights Quarterly Vol. 22 No. 1 pp 148-166Geneva ConventionHarding, Luke. (May 12, 2004) Focus Shifts to Jail Abuse of Women. The Guardian.Harding, Luke. (May 20, 2004) Rape in Iraq The other prisoners. The Guardian.Isenberg, Da vid. (Sept. 4, 2004) A Fistful of Contractors A Case For a Pragmatic Assessment of Private Military Companies in Iraq. British American Security Information Council, Research Report.Kabbara, Rouba. (May, 29, 2004) Human Rights Groups Iraqi Women Raoed at Abu Ghraib Jail. Peace Women Available online at http//www.peacewomen.org/news/Iraq/May04/Women%20in%20Prison.html Retrieved Deember 10 2007