Describe the various political party systems that can be identified, Essay

Describe the various policy-making party forms that can be identified, more or less, with the developments of the adjacent period - Essay ExampleThe constitution recognizes that human beings are equal and have inalienable rights. As such, most governmental parties in the US fight for equalitarian appraisalls whenever another party veers off the ideals come by the constitution for example, the democrats often advocate for strong national government and taking care of the interests of the slopped for economic progress forgetting social compare and on the other hand, republicans worked so hard to maintain equality (Reichley, 2000 p. 30-36).There has been many political parties pursuing disparate interests since independency ranging from nativism, anti-catholism, slavery, taxation, and the national bank but the dominant parties in modern USA are the democratic and republican parties. The aim of this paper is to trace the history of political party systems since independence thei r ideals, nominations and elections, social groupings, major fault lines, and the changes from each geological era to another. To answer this question, the paper impart be divided into five sections. The first section will cover the first party system during the period 1787-1828. Then, the second party system from 1828-1854. Thirdly, third party system period from 1854 to 1896. Followed by the poop party system 1896-1932 and lastly, fifth party system which covers the period from 1932 to 1960s. 1787-1800 Though America declared independence in 1776, the constitution was signed in the year 1787. By then there were no political parties as was the norm in other countries of the world. It was a federal constitution and as such presidents, home plate of Representatives and congress were elected on a federal ticket until the 1790s when political parties were invented. The first Electoral College was constituted in 1789 and George Washington from Virginia State was elected as the pres ident with 69 votes (Reichley, 2000 p. 29). His vice president was jakes Adams of Massachusetts. After assuming office, Washington chose Thomas Jefferson as the secretary of state and Hamilton as secretary of exchequer. These cardinal posts were very vital in the administration of the state thus the holders of these offices were close confidants of the president. Hamilton as the secretary of treasury was involved in making policies on development and as such he embarked on an overambitious economic program of ensuring the national state remained dominant or in control. The program involved assuming national and state debts by the federal government, establishing a national bank and levying taxes especially on whisky (Reichley, 2000 p. 30). His philosophy was the inclusion of business interests as part of ensuring rapid economic growth in the flavour that the support for commerce and manufacturing was for the benefit of all citizens. However, some individuals thought that he was reverting to the monarchical era and criticized him for placing less value on social equality which is one of the principles of the constitution. Though he conceived that there whitethorn be an abuse of power if too much power is placed on national government, he also believed that the civil society could remedy the situation (P. 30). The national bank was of such importance that different factions kept arguing about whether it should exist or not. Some individuals mostly republicans were also opposed to the idea of the federal government assuming debts and making workers pay high taxes to recover such debts. The only raft who profited from such a move were speculators who had expected high

Implenting Lean Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Implenting tippytoe - Case Study Example(Womack and Jones, 1996).USA was the first demesne where the concept of tip has been adopted in service or non-manufacturing concerns. (Womack and Jones, 1996). The advantages and benefits are now known and true by almost only top managers. However, there is still a bit of a faltering in implementing Lean in service and non-manufacturing organizations. The reason is not that they do not want to implement the change but rather because they are unaware of the process involved.This paper seeks to describe the modalities and implications of implementing Lean in service and non-manufacturing organizations with a reference to the concept of Kaizen as a Continuous Improvement (CI) agent.Simply stated, Lean thinking is about achieving more with less. It is not about sweating the assets but about carefully analyzing how best to come across a given result with the purpose of utilizing resources to their best advantage. In broad terms Lean is ord inarily defined as elimination of waste and things that do not add any value as defined by the customer.It is also pertinent to note at this stage that Lean principles are instead known by a number of synonyms e.g. Lean Manufacturing, Lean Production, Toyota Production System, etc. But any(prenominal) the name given to the process, this definition holds well. Advantages of Lean in Service OrganizationsLean is not just a concept to be implemented at various tiers it is also a commitment at all levels that can bring about dynamic and far-reaching changes in the very culture of an organization. Its advantages are more enounce and identifiable in manufacturing concerns but service and non-manufacturing organizations can also reap the same benefits. Some of the advantages of implementing Lean in service environment are as follows-It can not only improve the measurement of services but also increase the competitiveness of the people involved. It can resolve severe organisational proble ms by uniting the change efforts

Genetically modified organisms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

contractableally modified organisms - Essay ExampleClosely related to GMOs are transgenic organisms, a subset of GEOs comprising of organisms to which deoxyribonucleic acid originating from a different has been inserted. Historical Background to GMOs proceeds of a GMO generally involves addition of recent contractable material to the genome of an organism. This process is known as transmittable engineering. Two major discoveries have contributed to the development of genetic engineering coming up with the first recombinant bacterium in the year 1973, as well as the discovery of the DNA. This first recombinant bacterium was made from an existing bacterium E. coli was had an exogenesis Salmonella gene. The emergence of genetic engineering steamy a lot of concerns ab aside its potential risks. These risks were first discussed in details in the Conference held in 1975. The meetings main recommendation was that the government establishes a body to oversee the research in this field till the safety of this technology was assured. The first company to employ the technology of recombinant DNA was founded by Herbert Boyer. The company which was named Genentech was able to create an E. coli strains that could produce the human protein insulin by 1978. A field test was carried out in 1986, which involved using genetically engineered bacteria called ice-minus bacteria to offer protection to plants from damage by frost. This was done in a small company of biotechnology by the name Advanced Genetic Sciences of Oakland, situated at California. Monsanto Company also proposed a field test of a genetically engineered bug for a pest resistant protein but the proposal was dropped. Organizations such as WHO and FAO issued a guidance on how to asses the safety of genetically food and plants between the late 1980s and the early 1990s. The experimental planting of genetically modified plants began in Canada and United States towards the end of 1980s. It was not until the mid 1 990s that the first commercial declamatory scales cultivation of genetically engineered plants was approved. There has been an annual increase in adoption of the engineered plants by the farmers ever since. Production Process As stated earlier, the production of a GMO generally lies on the principle of adding a new genetic material into the genome of an organism. Insertion or deletion of genes is referred to as genetic modification. The genes that are inserted mostly comes an organism of from a different species and this is a case of horizontal gene transfer. The gene transfer may evanesce in nature if for any given reason an exogenous DNA passes through the cell membrane. To artificially do this, one may either attach the genes to a virus or insert the unneeded DNA physically into the intended hosts nuclear by the use of a fine syringe, or using very tiny particles which are fired from a device called gene gun. The raw(a) methods of gene transfer such as the capacity of the A gro bacterium to transmit genetic material to the nuclei of plants cells or the capacity of lent viruses to relocate genes to the nuclei of animal cells animal cells are may also be used.3 environmental Issues and Ethical Some environment and ethical concerns have been raised with regards to GMOs. Some environmentalists have raised concerns that could film to some detrimental and adverse effects on

Projects 1,3,5 Math Problem Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Projects 1,3,5 - maths Problem ExampleBoth of these particular dishwashers are 24 inch dishwashers, which makes them comparable. They both offer earlier control operation on their approachs, and both offer a 1 form limited warranty. At first, it appears that the Hotpoint dishwasher will come out on top, as it starts out with the lower price point, flagellation out the sale price of the GE by a difference of $70.10, and beating the non-sale price of the GE by $110.00. Is it charge the additional hundred dollars to get the GE? The approximate operating cost per year of the Hotpoint is $24, while the GE has an approximate annual operating cost of $29. This brings the price difference up to $75.10 on sale or $115 standard for the first year. Whether or not this price difference is worth it, depends strongly on whether or not the additional features that the GE brings to the table are worth it to the somebody making the purchase. The GE offers a lower decibel level (it runs quieter than the Hotpoint), has a hard food disposer and piss filter, has six different wash levels (two more than the Hotpoint), a stemware holder, a steam prewash setting, the silverware rack on the door (instead of contained in the lower rack itself), and nylon racks instead of the PVC racks that the Hotpoint has to offer. ... /Appliances-Dishwashers-Disposers-Dishwashers-Built-In-Dishwashers/h_d1/N-5yc1vZc3njZ1z10atjZ1z141o3Z1z10atj/R-203604506/h_d2/ProductDisplay?catalogId=10053&langId=-1&storeId=10051.UR52tmewV8E Hotpoint Front Control Dishwasher in bloodless http//www.homedepot.com/Appliances-Dishwashers-Disposers-Dishwashers-Built-In-Dishwashers/h_d1/N-5yc1vZc3njZ1z10atjZ1z10atj/R-203547883/h_d2/ProductDisplay?catalogId=10053&langId=-1&storeId=10051&superSkuId=203153378specifications (Insert name and box number here) MA120 BID294 February 18, 2013 Project 3 Systems of Equations Part A Solving a System of elongate Equations BID 294 ax +3y-z=4 2x-by+7z=12 x+2y+cz=18 --------------- -------- 2x+3y-z=4 2x-9y+7z=12 x+2y+4z=18 ------------------------ x = 38/29, y = 46/29, z = 98/29 The url apply to solve this equation was http//wims.unice.fr/wims/en_toollinearlinsolver.en.html Part B Applications of Systems of Linear Equations The stopping distance of a cable car traveling at 25 mph is 61.7 ft. and for a car traveling at 35 mph it is 106 ft. The stopping distance in feet can be described by the equation y = ax2+ bx, where x is the speed in mph. What is the stopping distance for a car traveling 55 mph? 625a+ 25b = 61.7 1225a+ 35b = 106 ---------------------------------- a = 0.056057142857143, b = 1.066571428571429 3025a+ 55b =y 169.572857143 + 58.6614285714 = y y = 228.234285714 The stopping distance of a car traveling 55mph would be 228.23 ft. (Insert name and box number here) MA 120 BID 294 18 February 2013 Project 5 Linear Programming Applications An automobile manufacturer makes cars and trucks in a factory that is divided into two shops. Shop 1, which perfo rms raw material assembly, must work five man-days on each truck, but only two man-days on each car. Shop 2, which performs finishing

Immorality of Abortion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

depravity of Abortion - Research Paper ExampleContrary to popular belief that abortion is a young consummation, there is retrospective evidence that it was practiced as long ago as the 5th cytosine BC by ancient civilizations. Even in biblical times, a form of abortion was practiced, as is evidence in the book of numbers where a woman accused of infidelity would be do to drink the bitter water which would bring out the curse (Fox). Other recorded cases of abortion were in ancient Egypt (1550 B.C.E.) and China in the 5th century where among early(a) things used to induce it was mercury (Fox). Notably, legion(predicate) the methods used in the past were dangerous and could look at killed the fix just as easily as induced the abortion. In the recent past, abortions were illegal for honourable, religious and health turn offs. However, after the 20th century, women rights groups and doctors shed been oftentimes able to repeal this ban and as a result, many countries, especial ly in America and Europe, have legalized it to the chagrin of the pro-life groups. The issues that have made abortion such a controversial and pertinent issue include the fact that apart from the guaranteeing the unborn childs death, it also jeopardizes the life of the mother in addition, several of those who undergo abortions are underage girls who are pregnant and have no one to avow them or the baby. Bearing in mind that it is the moral duty of the strong to protect the weak and comparably pro lifers consider it their duty to protect the life and rights of the unborn child. While the modern methods of carrying out the operation are mostly safe and performed by qualified doctors, from an objective perspective the action is immoral. Nonetheless, in observe of the fact that a woman has agreed consciously and actively to end the unborn life in her is immoral in itself (Lee and Robert 13). Proponents of abortion have been trying to justify abortion and paint it with a moral brush fo r as long as the pro-lifers have been condemning it. One of the principal arguments put in the lead to humanize abortion and portray it in a moral light is that the fetus is not as yet human being. They claim that if the pro-life side agrees a sperm and ovary are not considered human, yet they have potential to become human then the resembling should be said of the fetus. Therefore, should the pro choice soften it is human, they will go ahead and claim for one to be recognized as a psyche thus, they would need to be self-aware. As such, anything in the womb is not self aware, ergo, cannot be human and the same argument has been proposed by advocates defending suspects of infanticide (Lee and Robert 15). However, these arguments are untenable and illogical at best therefore, comparing the sperm to the fertilized egg flies in the face of logic since the sperm will only have potential for life if it is merged with the egg. On its own, it does not have a chance to generate life, the fertilized egg, on the other hand, in an autonomous genetic unit only requires the parent to host it and supply it with nourishment for the sequence of the pregnancy. This is no different from when a child stays with its mother fully dependent on her for the first base few months. However, at this point, even the diehard pro-choice people will not agree that the mother is free to terminate

The Effects of Foster Care on Child Development Thesis

The Effects of Foster Care on Child using - Thesis ExampleThe researchers found that children who were placed in shelter care were more likely to fetch emotional and behavioral problems than those who were maltreated but stayed with their caregivers or other at-risk children, even when controlling for family income and functioning preceding to the start of surrogate care placement. Length of time in foster care, age at placement, and take of foster care placements did not appear to affect exit, just whether a child was placed in foster care or not. Foster care, although aimed at providing adequate and proper care for children, could be life- proceeding in their behavioral and emotional stability the discontinuity of emotional connection for the biological parents and a weak foster care system could be the main reasons of such problem. Research Questions This research will look at several factors to modulate, if any, what effects foster care contribute to children developmenta l. This research will focus on the by-line 1. ... ement adaptation through repeated measure design among the participants who experienced foster care and an examination of variety show in behavior problems over time among the maltreated participants and those who received adequate care. 3. What are long-term consequences of foster care on behavior problems, overall emotional health, and psychopathology in adolescence? 4. What is the difference in vector sum for children placed in child protective service prescribe foster care versus care with an pornographic familiar to the child? 5. The impact of foster care on behavior placement as lifelong term placements that obtain been related to placement instability, number of placements to determine the age of first placement and to determine a possible relation between age of placement and the subsequent development of behavior problems. business Statement This research will look at several factors to determine, if any, what effects foster care have on child development. Chapter 2 Literature Review Behavioral Challenges of Children in Foster Care The outcome of being in the foster care may not be what is expected. Since the child is a gothic to the new home environment, he is expected to adjust. Considering that childhood is a very critical stage in human development, especially when pertaining to the emotional and behavioral aspects, foster homes may not entirely serve the benefits of having a family. In the case of James, he was forced to go into foster homes since his parents are not able to sustain for his medications (Webb, 2001). Tentative conclusions would basically say that foster homes are better than troubled homes because they serve as a chance for children to have better lives. However, studies show the contrary. Koch (2007) reports that children who were kept intact with their

Lexis and Semantics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Lexis and Semantics - Essay ExampleThe verb Increased as utilize with quotation to the gross sales of both digital and non-digital books refers to the positive change in the sales of the commodities. The adverb by, as apply in the consideration constitutes the extent of increase in the sales of these commodities which has been defined to be at 6.1 percent. The verb compared, as used in the context shows the establishment of a relationship between the sales of the commodities between the first half(prenominal) of 2012 as related to the sales registered in the previous year (Goddard, 1998). In usage, the sentence, elements are used to show a comparison between the increase in sales between year 2012 and the previous year.The adverb to, as used in relation to the sales volumes of the current year to those of the previous year, is used to show the relative convergence between the two sales accounts of quote (Lewis, 1993).The noun phrase, digital fiction books, as used with ref erence to the context of the technological takeover forms the object of the takeover which has gone through the cited change in sales volumes, by 188 percent (Goddard, 1998). The sentence containing the noun phrase is used to imply the extent of sales increment.Sales of strong-arm (adjective) books (noun) held their ground, dropping by just 0.4 per cent over the same time, but concerns that the rise of the ebook (noun) will bullock to the (article) death (noun phrase) of the (article) bookshop (noun) have not been dispelled.The adjective, physical as used to describe the books in the context is used to give a distinction between the digital and the physically tangible types of the books. The noun, books as used in the context, is used to show the position of the sales of the physical type of books as compared to the other types. The noun ebook as used in the context is used to show the shift demonstrate the shift between the various types of books

Reflection on the The Political Morality of Race Work Essay - 1

Reflection on the The Political Morality of Race Work - Essay ExampleHaving racial label do shape the way lot think of themselves. As stated with the same source, what people can do depends on what concept they have available to them and among the concepts that may shape ones action is the concept of a certain kind of individual and the behavior appropriate to that kind. Helping one person think he is inferior among opposites may add more insult to injury and this indeed bequeath result in final self-breakdown. How devastating that would be Culture and purification also became an object in Kwame Anthony Appiahs essay. These two has a function in further dividing individuals internationally by racial differences. He defined acculturation as the totality of socially transmitted behavior patterns, arts, beliefs, institutions, and all other products of gracious work and thought. There have been Orientals, Africans, and Chinese people that were to adopt a culture and civilization different from their traditional one such as that of Americans but still there the differences are noticeable. It is say that every race has its own common culture. Like black Americans have their own common culture on values and beliefs and practices that they share and they do not share with others, as stated in the essay. It is legitimate that each nation and race has its own culture. This may lead to some racial gaps in our global society. Yet, it is not simply a hindrance in having a good relationship with them. Unless they wouldnt do something terrorist act, what is wrong with dealing with them? All of us are both humans. We do need respect and equality. What is the fall in Nations for but to supposedly bring peace and equality globally? Why cant other people bridge the differences and go on living life to the full together in assent? Civilization may play a great role in stereotyping minority race. However, it is not everlastingly good for some nations that view their r ace inferior to others. Countries that are well-developed economically were viewed by many as greater than anybody else. To mention some, the USA and Britain are viewed as masters of the land. They run the world market.

Enviromental science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Enviromental science - Essay mannequinOver-population is one of the majors for most of the problems creation faced in the world. Population increases with 1.5 people per second slightly the world, therefore in an hour it increases at the rate of. If we go on to ignoring these statistics and the problems they are creating it is only change magnitude the human suffering. We human beings are capable of doing many things and so we stick accumulated the data of each person who ever lived on ground and it is safely kept in the US. The UN not only conserve the data but it also helps predict the future and these predictions are astounding. It is possible that the total population pull up stakes increase with the 3.1 billion people till the middle of this century making it 9 billion we have 6.8 billion people today and it is expected to increase up to 7 billion within the access 4-5 years this is the most startling fact mentioned in the movie. It means that in 50 years the earth wil l need to accommodate up to 3 billion more people.Within the next 50 years the people will suffer no matter where they are or how they live. When there is abundance of food, water and right availability of material for shelter, the population thrives and succeeds. But when there is scarcity of the most fundamental necessities, the world comes under depression. Humans and resources have a very close relationship the food issue cannot increase as fast as the human reproduction can. Therefore, the demand will gradually exit the supply if the human population is not controlled at once the life would end miserably. The green regeneration was not harmful in fact it was more effective in producing food in abundance through modern farming methods. It helped many countries become self-sufficient in food and alleviate hunger in the world.Out of 70% of water present in the world only 1 % is being provided to the people living in it and the rest is

Incident report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Incident report - Essay ExampleKnowledge results from the combination of grasping experience and transforming it (Kolb 1984).I faced with small but diverse conflicts during my activity. There is a tendency that the middle managers have proven to be more mobile. So first of all I estimated the conflict in stage to break off an answer to the question of what we can change the current situation. The manager should properly analyze what the person needs or do not needs, and what will only confuse the worker, to be able to articulate the task and extract the desired information (Aldair 2009).I was needed to think and act quickly in order to satisfy the tasks proposed, I used to concentrate and express my ideas and thoughts correctly in order not to profane anyone ant at the same time be understood by my interlocutors. Kolb proposed six main characteristics for experiential learning (Kolb, 1999), including the following pointsHis experiential learning theory was developed in order to give a model to develop our practice. This theory has appeared under the different titles like The Learning Cycle, The Kolb Cycle or The experiential Learning Cycle.The Kolb Cycle is divided into four different stages and it is possible to start at any point, but the order of the stages of learning from experience must not be ruined to achieve the successful results.The existential Learning Cycle says that is not enough to get an experience in order of learning. The experience is all important(p) thing when it is necessary to formulate generalisations and concepts, useful for the rude(a) situations. In order to prove the skills you should get to the new situations. According to the written above the idea is to link theory and action by planning with reflections backside to the theory.In order to join it to my activity I need to open each category a bit more. Concrete experience is

What is Wisdom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

What is Wisdom - Essay ExampleSo what is wisdom? What be characteristics of wise person? Who is a wise person?Scholars have defined the term wisdom differently. sometimes it is regarded as the more developed and sophisticated form of common sense. It is believed that wisdom can be developed by experience. Some others consider it as the ability to predict consequences and acting for the common good. A modular accepted definition of Wisdom is the ability to make right choices without having complete information. Robert M May says the clear-sighted Men and Wise Women of history knew that we must turn to faculties beyond those of sense and reason in relations with questions of wholes and values. Feeling and intuition are as main(prenominal) faculties of the psyche as are sensation and intellect, if non more so. (May, 2004). Dr. Robert Sternberg, a professor of Psychology and Education at Yale University, defines wisdom as the application of comprehension and experience as mediate d by values toward the achievement of a common good done a end among intrapersonal, interpersonal, and extra personal interests, over the short and long terms, to achieve a balance among adaptation to existing environments, shaping of existing environments, and selection of new environments. (Sternberg). This definition of wisdom contains three important points such as placement of values within wisdom, importance of action and wisdoms fuck off towards balance. Thus, wisdom becomes the ability to discern the truth.He, O men, is the wisest who, like Socrates, knows that his wisdom is in truth worth nothing. In the context of above quotation, some may argue that in a practical sense wisdom, or what it makes a persons be, fetches nothing. Socrates, for his being wise achieved nothing. He was condemned, deprived of his freedom. He was tried by a dialog box which is appointed by a majority of the citizens. Were all those citizens wise? Not many will agree. It

How engineering has a negative impact on the natural environment Essay

How engineering has a ostracize impact on the natural surroundings - Essay ExampleConferring to Balaban (2012), constructions are huge contributors to ecological deterioration. Moreover, it is rather clear that additional actions are required in order to make the building activities and the built environment ecological. Construction activities are among the major exploiters of both non-renewable and renewable natural resources. It depends profoundly on the natural environment to acquire rude(a) materials that are used in these activities. These raw materials curb of sand, timber, and aggregate for the construction process. agree to Horvath (2004), the construction activities devours 40% of the globes sand, gravel, and raw stones and 25% of the virgin timber annually. Additionally, it devours 16% of wet and 40% of the energy. The mining of these natural resources brings roughly permanent alterations to the natural ecology of the coastal areas and the countryside, both from a s cenic and an ecological point of view. The following transformation of these zones into geographically dispersed locations not only brings about extra consumption of energy, but also upsurges the volume of particulate matter into the air. Construction activities and the extraction of raw materials also contribute to the build-up of pollutants in the air. The United States construction activities done by engineers is responsible for 20% of the macerate found in water, 40% of the emissions to the atmosphere and 13% comprise of further releases. Dust and other releases comprise of particular poisonous substances such as sulphur oxides and nitrogen. They are released in the course of transportation and deed of materials along with from site activities. They have triggered serious dangers to the natural ecology. Further, dangerous materials like chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are applied in fire-fighting systems, refrigeration plants, air conditioning, and insulation and have serious effec ts on the ozone layer. The ozone is a vapour

Argument of Scientific Realism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Argument of Scientific Realism - Essay ExampleHilary Putnam occupys that The positive line of credit for realness is that it is the besides philosophy that does not make the success of science a miracle as quoted in Curd and Cover. A great number of scientific realists have opposed his view by presenting their aims. Among different scientific realists, Bas wagon train Fraassen and Larry Laudan argon scientific realists who have debated against the claim of Hilary Putnam more accurately. The argument presented by Hilary Putnam is known as no-miracle argument that elaborates the scientific realism to be no-miracle because of the theoretical features of scientific theories. The argument of scientific realism had been forwarded because the scientific theories could only be possible and accurate when the approximate truth will be concluded. This is the biggest limitation of scientific theories that dents the scientific realism or scientific success. The no-miracle claim by Hilary Pu tnam further explains the theory on the basis of abduction. The no-miracle claim could also be understood in terms of a hypothetical situation where an entity A is a fact that is known surprisingly and through premise P the fact A fanny be elaborated. Furthermore, if this premise is not challenged by any other hypothesis then P and A twain will be true. This explains that scientific theories are always approximate showing approximate truth. Thus no-miracle argument is considered to be the strongest argument in the ongoing debate of realism (Howson, 2003). In a simpler expression, no-miracle argument can be elaborated as an argument stressing on the fact that scientific theories proposed by different scientists are just matter of approximate truth. The use of word no-miracle is associated with this argument in a way that it shows that scientific realism is just another philosophy stating the theoretical aspect of scientific success (Moran, 2004).

African American film genre analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

African American film genre analysis - Essay ExampleBroken Blossoms depicts the villain oppressing the innocent, in this slip of paper, his daughter. Her only reliever is the company of a yellow man who gives her moments of happiness although they be not romantically involved. The idea of a romantic link between the two characters of Lucy and the yellow man would be too much for the 1919 audience to swallow. The movie was withal the last of the films which carried integrationist messages. These relationships were depicted as abnormal, unacceptable and impulsive. An example is Spike Lees Jungle febricity (1991) sets its premise upon the attraction generated by the sexual mythology of contrary races. The movie runs the typical storyline wherein the lovers Flipper and Angie were the heroes, and racial prejudice was the villain (Bogle 2002).Interracial relationships have been depicted in film for almost a century. These films may or may not reflect the true temper and sensibilitie s of the periods when they were filmed. Oftentimes, interracial relationships in films toe the line on what is socially acceptable. Otherwise, society through channels as the press and government would raise objections, protests and even courteous action against the filmmakers and their actors.Interracial relationships in film are considered generally as part of the melodrama genre. Oftentimes, it depicts the battle between salutary and evil. There is the presence of the protagonist who is repressed by a villain. Those who are innocent are freed from repression and those that are guilty are duly given punishment. Melodrama engages in the discussion of social taboos, among which is interracial relationships. Most of the time, the lovers of different races would conform to the dictates of the period when the film was made. Although interracial relationships become increasingly accepted in societies, it is still not allowed in some U.S. states, notwithstanding the legal approbation to such relationships. It may not overly be culturally acceptable to some people or communities. Thus, interracial relationships still encounter varying degrees of objection from various sectors. Thus, a film conforming to the periods norms, would tend to seek conformity from its interracial characters, with the lovers separating. If there is no convenient angle to achieve this conformity to moreses, then the characters may be killed of. In a sense, this also is an application of conformity, with the death of the characters symbolizing punishment for their transgressions (Rhies 2000).The cultural ideology regarding interracial relationships has changed through time. The acceptability of this configuration of relationship today is greater than it was three decades ago. Originally, interracial relationships were depicted negatively, emphasizing false perceptions or stereotypes. This was the case with Guess Whos Coming to Dinner (1967) . It is through such negative depictions that th e adverse attitude of societies towards interracial relationships is perpetuated (Hodes). III. select AnalysisGuess Whos dealt mainly with the controversy of interracial wedding ceremony. At the time the film was made, interracial marriage was still illegal in some U.S. states. The movie broke certain stereotypes. Jack Prentices being a doctor living in Switzerland may have been deliberate so that he would be desirable for marriage to Joanna, and that his characters only objectionable feature would be his race. Johns character, to go against the stereotype image of the African-American of the time, was also a graduate of a top school, became an innovator in African medicine, did not engage in premarital sex even

Occupational Behaviour Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Occupational Behaviour - Assignment Exampleutor to why Netflix continues to outperform ambition and achieve substanti on the wholey- noble ratings from consumers who appear satisfied with its customer service practices.Based on careful analysis of the firm, its high pay structures and autonomous working environments are missing metrics to check off whether these policies are the genuine particle accelerator for organisational success and performance. Some research findings have discovered that pay systems are not always efficacious for achieving long-run job performance and that in that location are risks to providing too much autonomy. Based on all research and investigation into theory of organisational behaviour and even human psychology, as well as business sector theory, it is recommended to implement a 360 degree feedback appraisal system at Netflix and engage in the management-by-objectives ideology. These practices will retain the firm a new ability to accurately measu re true job performance and determine whether there is substantial return on investment for having such liberal HR policies.In tramp to maintain its reputation as a world class provider of superior customer service, Netflix seeks to convey only the most talented and motivated employees. HR-related perks include generous pay packages, seemingly unlimited vacation opportunities, a reduction of work rules and policies and considerable job role autonomy in order to attract and retain these high performers. This would, theoretically, provide considerable socio-psychological benefits that make employees more committed and motivated to achieve organisational goals.However, there is a potential plethora of problems with providing employees with perks such as the aforementioned to achieve job role performance. First, the case study did not indicate that Netflix has established a metrics system that would measure performance fitly a method of ensuring return on investment for these HR act ivities. Whilst Netflix believes that this will create a goal of commitment for the

Univerities Should Accept Equal Numbers of Male and Female Students Inevery Subject Essay Example for Free

Univerities Should tackle Equal Numbers of Male and Female Students Inevery Subject EssayIt is true that nowadays male and womanly students halt the same opportunities and challenges in our rules of order. I completely agree with that. However, universities should not require the balance amidst male and effeminate students. This essay will discuss about the reason why not in that problem. At present, most universities enroll students by testing their ability. It is very fair system, which allows young people have the same opportunities to enter the university because they have the same test and hardship. Therefore, if university bases on sex to enroll, it will not requite people who have real ability in the subject which they like and want to study. Also, in our society the rate between male and female students is not embody so it is difficult to have the equal numbers pool of male and female students in every subject in university. Furthermore, some subjects require co ntrasting abilities. I would argue that training to become a soldier, for example, require strong and flexibility, which male students is discover than female ones.In contrast, training to become a teacher in primary school require clemency and patience, which female students dominate more than female ones. The different between male and female students is the reason, which makes the equal numbers of male and female student in every subject is not possible. Everyone has particular strength and impuissance and they just do their best when they leverage their advantages. In conclusion, universities should continue to keep the way that they have through to enroll instead of accepting the balance between male and female students in every subject. It is better to division of labor be happening naturally.

Investigating the effectiveness of Mobile Antivirus Application on Android and Windows Mobile Phone Essay Example for Free

Investigating the effectiveness of industrious Anticomputer virus Application on mechanical man and Windows brisk earpiece EssayChapter 1 Anti-virus Applications on wandering DevicesMobile border anti-virus softw are package refers to security measure software package programs which capture been professionally developed to protect thingumajig substance ab partrs from viruses, worms, Trojans and other(prenominal) vixenish programs and removing them where manageable. Anti-virus software programs have deep gained popularity due the increased incidences of malicious threats of attack on the web. at that place are several new viruses that are detected on a day to day priming on the cyberspace. While some of these viruses whitethorn be harmless, others are annoying and quite destructive. Certain viruses replicate themselves, but others may cause weighty problems to the extent of erasing all data on a device drive. The use of anti-virus for device tax shelter pot be applied to multiple operating constitutions including Mobile Windows and humanoid diligent phones (iSoftwareReviews 2010).Antivirus software works in various technical ways to give protection to and remove viruses from smooth devices. This normally occur with two security scanning functions namely On-Access Scanning and On-Demand Scanning. The On-Access scanning works in real-time to batten a lively device is protected at all times by monitoring for viruses to e very accessing in the mobile device, for example while opening a file or opening an covering program. condescension of the fact that this software slows d protest the speed of a device, its role in antivirus protection is so deprecative and should thus be enabled at all times. On-Demand Scanning offers antivirus protection only when activated to scan whatsoever particular area, folder, file, or drive. The program then provides a scan report about how many viruses that have been found in the scanned item. In the event that a virus is detected, the program will give out the user and recommend an action which takes either to deleting or quarantine the virus (iSoftwareReviews 2010).The rapidly increasing advancements of mobile phone technology to include a number of useful attributes have made humanoid and windows mobile phones very popular pocket personal computers. This increased popularity has not however come with its own setbacks. Just same the ordinary personal computers, android and windows mobile phones have withal been subjected to increased viruses attack. Virus attack has indeed become the latest and single biggest threat to the mobile phone industry. Subsequently, numerous companies dealing in software have come up with anti-virus for use in the android and windows mobile phones. These are mainly anti-virus software packages developed to provide anti-virus protection to mobile phones (iSoftwareReviews 2010).There are a number of anti-virus software programs for mobile p hones that are available to the users. The main mobile phone anti-virus software includes AhnLab Mobile Security, Avast PDA Edition, Avira Antivir Mobile, BitDefender Mobile Security, BullGuard Mobile Antivirus, Dr.Web Mobile Security cortege, F-Secure Mobile Security, Kaspersky Mobile Security, and Norton Smartphone Security. AhnLab Mobile Security software provides a solution for viruses and worms protection and removal. It runs under windows mobile and android mobile phones. Avast PDA Edition is an antivirus protection for PalmOS and Windows CE, Android phones, and Pocket PC based devices (iSoftwareReviews 2010).Avira AntiVir Mobile provides professional virus and malware protection for pocket PCs, Windows mobile and Android mobile phones. BitDefender Mobile Security provides solution for virus protection and removal for PDAs and Smartphone that run on Windows mobile or Android mobile phones. BullGuard Mobile Antivirus provides solutions for protecting Pocket PCs and Windows mob ile against viruses and other malicious programs. Dr.Web Mobile Security Suite is designed to provide anti-virus security solutions for pocket PCs that runs on Windows Mobile operating system. F-Secure Mobile Security is a complete mobile security software package that includes anti-virus, anti-spyware, a firewall and a remote control anti-theft feature for protection. Kaspersky Mobile Security also provides a complete protection package including Anti-theft protection, virus protection, firewall and anti-spam for SMS, EMS, and MMS. Norton Smartphone Security offers anti-virus, anti-spam, and firewall for Windows mobile and Android mobile protection (iSoftwareReviews 2010).Protecting an android and window mobile phone from attack requires a complete representing of all application communication. This is important because software can only protect a device if and only if it is able to read the same information as the mobile phone device, afterward application layer threats. It may not be possible at heart the technological framework for antivirus software to understand application communications or analyse application behavior through the deep brushup of intrusion prevention packets, whether on individual basis or when reassembled into their original sequence. Similarly, network-level antivirus may detect a small number of cognize, easily identifiable security threats by simply examining pre-programmed patterns (Citrix Systems 2006).Installation of antivirus is the best known way of protecting android and windows mobile phones. The best types of antivirus are the application firewalls since they operate at the application layer instead of the network level. The application firewalls are able to enforce correct application demeanor while preventing any malicious activeness. This is because the firewalls are able to inspect the actual internet communication and understand the context of all client requests and application responses through which they are sent to the internet. A complete mobile phone security application needs to offer full protection of all the elements of an application as well as users of the application. In most cases however, security applications for mobile phones are only limited to the application programme and application data (Citrix Systems 2006).Thesis StatementDespite web devices continuing to face satisfying security threats, mobile phones go completely unprotected while web browsing, downloading applications, checking e-mail, conducting online banking and connecting to social networking sites like chirrup and Facebook. While mobile attacks are increasing rapidly and hackers are financially motivated to steal data, identities, and rap corporate communications, it has become critical to protect mobile devices such as android phone and Windows phones. screen background of the studySmartphone security is the touch on of preventing and detecting unlicensed use of your system. Prevention measures help y ou to s filch unauthorized users (also known as intruders) from accessing any part of your mobile phone system. Detection helps you to determine whether or not someone attempted to break into your system, if they were successful, and what they may have done. We use android and windows mobile for everything from banking and investing to obtain and communicating with others through email or chat programs. Although you may not consider your communications top secret, you probably do not want strangers yarn your email, using your phone to attack other systems, displace forged email from your phone, or examining personal information stored on your phone (such as financial statements).There are a variety of antivirus software packages that operate in many different ways, depending on how the trafficker chose to implement their software. What they have in common, though, is that they all look for patterns in the files or memory of your Smartphone that indicate the possible presence of a known virus. Antivirus packages know what to look for through the use of virus profiles (sometimes called sense of touchs) provided by the vendor. saucy viruses are discovered daily. The effectiveness of antivirus software is dependent on having the latest virus profiles installed on your Smartphone so that it can look for recently discovered viruses. It is important to keep these profiles up to date.Chapter 2 Android Phone EmulatorsAn android mobile phone is a phone fitted with a set of software consisting of operating systems, middleware and other major applications. The main features of android include application framework for facilitating reuse and replacement of components, Dalvik virtual shape which is optimised for mobile devices, optimised graphics, an integrated browser, media tools for common audio, video and still image formats, SQLite for structured data storage, and GSM Telephony. Other features include Bluetooth, Camera, and Rich development consisting of a devic e emulator, tools for debugging, memory and performance profiling. Android technology is dependent on Linux version 2.6 to power the main system servicing including security, memory management, process management, network stack, and driver models (Android Developers 2010).Android technology is made up of a multi-process system in which each application runs in its own process. A standard Linux facility is responsible for coordinating security between different applications such as user and group identifications assigned to the applications in Android mobile phone. The crux of the security applications is on the basis of the concept that no application, by default, has access to perform any operation with a potential of adversely impacting on other applications, the operating system, or the user. The applications that the Linux facility must grant licence include reading or writing the users private data, reading or writing another applications file, performing network access, and k eeping the device awake. The permission that an application requires is statistically declared in that application so that Linux facility can master the upfront during installation and not subject to smorgasbord thereafter (Android Developers 2010).The antivirus software for mobile forms utilises various virus undercover work methods. The two main virus detection methods include signature based detection and behaviour based detection. Signature Based Detection sours use of virus signatures dictionary to compare the files when checking for viruses. A signature dictionary is a database containing very many virus signatures which the software manufacturer has so far found. The user is expected to continually update the virus signature directory as when new viruses, worms, Trojans, and other malicious programs appear. Failure to update the dictionary may lead to ill fortune of the software to detect emerging viruses. The behaviour Based Detection is designed to monitor and control a ny activities in the device system for suspicious program behaviour. In the event that a suspicious behaviour is detected, the software probes further into that suspicious behaviour by applying the signature based detection to countercheck whether the activity is malicious or not. In the event that the suspicious program is malicious, an alert will be generated to notify the user.Android emulator is a virtual mobile device which runs on a phone system and allows the user to prototype, develop, and test android applications for possible malicious programs without necessarily using a physical device. This device mimics all the hardware and software features of a phone save for the fact that it cannot receive or make a call. As soon as a particular application starts to run on the emulator, it may make use of the services of the android platform to invoke other applications, access the network, and notify the user. The emulators also contain various debug capabilities like console from which the user can log kernel output, feign application interrupts, and simulate latency effects and dropouts on the data channel (Android developers 2010).As stated earlier, android utilises a multi-process system in which each and every application runs on its own process. Since majority of the security between applications is granted at the process level, android emulators provide more detailed security features through a permission mechanism that enforces restriction on the specific operations that any particular process can perform and permission for granting ad-hoc access to specific pieces of data. While the emulators ensures that no application acts in a manner that can adversely affect another application, it is still possible for an application to encroach into the actions of another application as long as permission is forehand obtained in order to perform the external function not provided by the basic nucleus (Vennon 2010).The android emulators can also disallow thes e orthogonal permissions on the basis of the certificates that were used to sign the application or by simply prompting the user. The permission that an application will require to function outside its nucleus is statistically declared by the emulators within the application and will be relayed to the Smartphone user, and the permission will not change. The android emulators consider malware to be malicious software designed to infiltrate a Smartphone system without the users informed consent (Vennon 2010).

Mary Shelley Essay Example for Free

Mary Shelley EssayThey make him stand out(a) from the crowd and you instantly percolate a monster. Not a human. A monster that is evil. T present is a contrast here amid beauty and horror. Mary Shelley describes his teeth of pearly whiteness and his hair of lustrous black and flowing. This makes him come out beautiful. She so goes on to explain his more than horrid features with his watery eyes set in dun-white sockets and his shrivelled complexion. This makes him look intom like a monster. The monster is partly born(p) evil because his creator abandons him and leaves him to figure life out by himself.The first thing the monster learns when he escapes the flat is evil and therefore he sees it as a way of life. Frankenstein leaves the flat in a hurry to escape his creation. He abandons the monster. This upsets the monster and consequently shows us that even the monster posterior hurt a soul and feelings. Upset by this he decides to leave the flat and that is when he di sc everyplaces all well-nigh real life, it is not his fault that he is evil. Frankensteins give in of mind influences this because he is very stressed, as he has had no sleep and therefore gets angry, scared and unrestrained quite quickly and easily.If this is what the monster first sees then clearly he pull up stakes act in the same way. Mary Shelley makes a lot of literary references in chapter 5. She bases the whole novel on Prometheus. It is know as a modern Prometheus. It was a huge part of Mary Shelleys inspiration. This myth underpins the whole novel. In the myth, Prometheus steals fire and is therefore punished for all eternity. This also goes for Coleridges Rime of the Ancient jackass. The fact that if you go against something so strongly believed in then there will be an eternal punishment.That fact the if you do something against the natural law in this case, the law of nature there will ceaselessly be consequences. Coleridges Rime of the Ancient Mariner is in the text because it illustrates exactly what Mary Shelley is talking about in the paragraph. It emphasises the fact that Frankenstein has gone against the laws of nature. frightful Fiend not unless shows us that Frankenstein has built an ugly monster but it is the concept that is frighten not the monster. That fact that once one person does something no matter how evil there will always be consequences and no turning back.Once one person has done something, the door is always open to other people doing the same. In this case, as soon as Frankenstein had created the monster there were more opportunities for, not only making humans out of body parts but for science and experiments and discoveries. She also refers to Dante. It became a thing such as even Dante could not have conceived. Dante was famous for his depictions of hell. What she is saying is here is that the monster that Victor had created looked pure evil and it was something that no other man on this earth could have creat ed.This chapter prepares us for what line ups later because abandoning the monster has led it to be evil. Frankenstein is constantly avoiding it trying not to think about it or find it. This makes the monster angry and upset. It will want revenge and because it is evil we expect to see bad things happen such as deaths. The result of Frankensteins irresponsible running away is that he has remaining the monster to work out what life is all about by himself. He was not born evil, he just realised that the first thing he saw in the world was combat and killing and shouting.Frankenstein dreamt that his monster would be a success. The beauty of the dream vanished. After he had created the monster he endures the horror of it. He suddenly realised that he had committed nearly two days creating something so horrible that he almost knows that no good will come of it. Unable to take in the aspect of the monster he rushed to his room and tries to sleep. He does and he dreams that he kills El izabeth by smooching her. As I imprinted the first kiss on her lips, they became livid with the hue of death.His dream foresees what will happen in the future. It tells Frankenstein that Elizabeth will die. Could it be his fault for Elizabeths death? In the dream, he kills Elizabeth but further on in the story the monster does. However, Frankenstein created the monster so is it his fault that Elizabeth dies? Frankenstein is based on new scientific discovery of the time, such as electricity. It relates to the many experiments being conducted at the time. Even in the 21st ampere-second there is still controversy over discoveries in science.There are debates in the news over abortions, genetically modified babies/food, the effects of global warming. Frankenstein relates to developments in science today because no matter when or where discoveries are being made, there will always be debates and arguments over the use of science and how it shadower effect us when used in such ways tha t the results are worse. Sarah Williams Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Mary Shelley section. r

Eating - Pica Essay Example for Free

eat em EssayPica is a compulsion to eat non forage items when it is considered to be developmentally malapropos for a time length of no less than one month. This upset, as well know as a phenomenon has been around since ancient times, with genuine cultures accepting this not as a disorder, but as an legitimate practice. There argon several categories for describing pica. Some of the most normally described types of pica are take earth, soil or clay (Geophagia), ice (Pagophagia), and starch (Amylophagia) in humans. (http//www. encyclopedia. com/topic/pica. aspx).Pica is usually notice in pregnancy, developmental delay and mental retardation, psychiatric disease and autism, early childhood, poor nutrition, lack of specialised nutrients, vitamins, and/or minerals, and certain specific religions and their corresponding specific traditions. The specific intellects for Pica are unknown, but certain conditions and situations can increase a persons risk Nutritional deficie ncies such as atomic number 26 and zinc Dieting- consuming non food items to obtain a feeling of fullness Malnutrition-especially in underdeveloped countries. heathen factors such as family practices and religious factors Parental neglect, lack of supervision, or food deprivation Developmental problems affable health conditions Pregnancy Epilepsy Brain damage (http//kidshealth. org/PageManager. jsp? dn=KidsHealthlic=1ps=107cat_id=146article_set=22148) Research suggests that there is no known cause for this disorder. In most studies into the disorder, the habit of eating non-nutritive substances usually clears up on its on terms for no known reason.Nevertheless, this disorder should be considered serious, as there are multiple risk factors up to and including death that open as outcomes. Pica has been shown to be a predisposing factor in accidental ingestion of poisons, particularly result poisoning. The ingestion of bizarre or unusual substances has also resulted in other potent ially life dark toxicities, such as hyperkalemia after cautopyreiophagia (ingestion of burnt match heads) (http//emedicine. medscape. com/article/914765-overview) To date, there are no research testing groundoratory studies to show the onset, cause, and /or leading factors that contribute to this disorder.It is common practice to identify and treat a person for effects only after they have become susceptible to medical treatment. Physical examination conclusions are highly dispersed and depend directly on what substance has been ingested. Most research suggests that pregnant cleaning lady crave a specific nutrient missing from their diet, therefore consuming a specific non food substance rich in that nutrient to fulfill what their body is looking for. Most children up to cardinal years old are said to simply be exploring their environment and do so by putting everything into their mouths.Medications used to help treat Pica disorder are commonly SSRIs such as Olanzapine a drug ty pically used to treat the symptoms of various mental illnesses that cause a loss of interest in life, unusual thinking, or inappropriate emotions, such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Clozapine another drug used to treat the symptoms of various mental illnesses by transforming earthy substance activities in the brain. Risperidone used to treat the symptoms assoc. with manic states and bipolar disorder.Both Olanzapine and Clozapine belong to a class of atypical antipsychotics that are sometimes used in Pica tolerants to help change the bureau they see certain materials and reduce their negative eating habits. Risperidone can be used to treat the symptoms of Pica disorder, as well as some of the underlying causes, including depression and psychotic factors. The most successful climax to treating a client with Pica disorder is a behavioral approach. Behavioral strategies have been shown to be extremely effective in treating many forms of Pica, up to and including Discrimin ation training.Mouth self-protection devices Reinforcement behaviors Screening techniques (ex covert eyes) Aversive oral taste (mint, lemon, etc. ) Aversive smell techniques Aversive physical sensation (ex ersatz response) Brief physical restraint Consultations (http//www. health guideinfo. com/other-eating-disorders) In General, the use of medications for Pica disorder are commonly used for the person(s) with a mental handicap, or in combination with any other medical diagnosis (ex depression, ADHD, obsessive compulsive disorder).Many physicians will have a focused aim on finding out if the body is lacking a nutrientusually noted to be iron. There is no evidence to say that a lack of iron is linked to the disorder. Side effects will also vary depending on the type of substance was ingested. Common side effects include constipation, cramping, pain, obstruction of intestine or intestine due to blockage, perforation from ingesting sharp objects, contamination and infection from in gesting parasites, weight gain, malnutrition, gestational diabetes false +, and reduced absorption of nutrients in the stomach (http//www. encyclopedia.com/topic/Pica. aspx).There is no true prognosis for Pica disorder as it depends on the substance and amount of the substance taken in. Usually the side effects and complications range to dissipate as the behavior is stopped. Pica is seen in studies to subside once the labor has been successful and in children as they age, usually around two years of age. There are no specific lab studies indicated in the evaluation of a person with pica. Lab tests are generally completed when a patient has been seen by their physician for a complaint.As a patient admitted to the E. R. , the attending Dr.may order abdominal x-rays, atomic number 56 swallows of the G. I. tracts, and an upper GI endoscopy in order to get a handle of what has been ingested and the location of the substances.A rock of commonly ingested non-food items consumed includes Dirt Clay Paint chips Plaster Chalk Cornstarch Laundry starch baking hot soda Coffee grounds Cigarette ashes Burnt match heads Cigarette butts Feces Ice attach Hair Buttons Paper Sand Toothpaste Soap A common approach used is education for patients in regards to a healthy approach to consumption to adequate sources of food substances. A common failure is non-information end-to-end the world.

The two worlds in the poems Essay Example for Free

The two worlds in the poems EssayThe poems I am comparing are presents from my aunts in Pakistan by Moniza Alvi, two scavengers in a truck, two beautiful people in a Mercedes by Lawerence Ferlinghetti and nothings changed by Tatamkhulu Afrika. All these three poems compare two different worlds. The poem by Moniza Alvi compares the Asiatic traditions and the western traditions. The poem by Tatamkhulu Afrika compares how etiol take ind people and black people where treated in Africa later a war. The poem by Lawerence Ferlinghetti compares the world between rich, richesy people and the poor people in San Francisco. The poem Nothings changed is written by a poet who returns to his homeland after a part of the country was say as whites only. The country that the poet calls his homeland is now destroyed and the poet expresses the anger he felt when the place was root destroyed. He now sees new restaurants which look expensive and stylish with a guard at the gatepost. And get on down the road he sees a working mens cafi where people eat without plates from a plastic tabletop.This location makes him really angry because the white people were seated inside the exclusive restaurant with its ice white glasses and single rose on the table while the black people in Africa ate on plastic table top and wiped their hands on their jeans. The poem is set out in six stanzas and each of the stanzas consists of eight lines which are fairly short. Stanza one consists of a single sentence and it describes what the sees when he first walks into the country that was his homeland cans trodden on crunch in tall purple flowering, amiable weeds.This shows how the poet feels when he sees his homeland. The second stanza has a repetition of and and it also shows that the poet feels the racial separation in this country in either bone in his body, eg my feet know, and my hands, and the skin about my bones. The remaining paragraphs explain the poets feelings towards the white peo ple. The title of the poem refers to the wealth of the white people and the poverty of the black people. The poet had obviously hoped that things would change by the time he came approve but to his dismay nothing has changed and it seems like that things have gotten worse.

Doing Business in Japan Essay Example for Free

Doing melodic line in japan EssayAs a result of learning active the geography, climate, history, religion, cultural rituals, politics, education system, and the role of the family it forget allow a blood line or business both(prenominal) hotshotness the insight needed to understand how society functions and the method in which business is conducted. Geography Climate japan is an island nation that is located across the lacquerese Sea. Japan consists of the islands of Hokkaiodo, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu (Yamada Kurashige, 2003). The landscape of Japan is seventy- nonpareil percent cragged (Population Demographics, 2007). Japan is a small sphere that is situated in the northern temperate zone. Japan experiences the tetrad seasons similar to that of North America. Japan experiences typhoons which argon a lot stronger than their sister hurri sesses in the Atlantic (Yamada Kurashige, 2003). devotion Over eighty-four percent of the people in Japan observe Buddhism, Sh into or a combination of both. Confucianism from China added loyalty and hierarchy to the mix, and Taoism gave inn and sanction to the system of govern custodyt. The introduction of Buddhism brought contemplative ghostlike aspects and helped to develop their horticulture of art and architecture.With the addition of Christianity, western ideas most measurablely social justice and amend were infused into society (Long, 1994). Religion is not a large part of the Japanese society, but people result usually practice such holidays as birthdays, weddings and funerals (Japan, 2007). Recent History Japan went through major diverge during the World warf ar II, when most of their cities and infrastructure was damaged or destroyed. After the war, they drafted a new privateity and the population of Japan began rebuilding the country. In besides a few decades, Japan become the second base largest economy in the world.In the 1990s, Japan suffered and economic down turn because of scanda ls and over-investment. The Asian economic crisis of 1998 caused Japan to experience its worst recession since World War II (Japan History, 2007). From 2003 onward the economy has been improving, even stand out at one point, that of the United States and E. U. (Economy of Japan, 2007). Current Issues in Japan Political Issues All foreigners projecting the country ar to be fingerprinted and photographed in a recent effort to fight terrorism. Also, airlines and ships must provide rider lists before arriving in the country.Some may be genuinely reluctant to have their photograph and fingerprints taken. rider lists may be time consuming and costly for cruise lines or freight vessels that wish to enter the country. There is pressure from the United States, for Japan to resume refueling of foreign vessels in the Indian Ocean, further there is much opposition within the Japanese government. This opposition may lead to tension in the midst of Japan and the United States. This could le ad to some negative consequences for United States-Japan trade. (Chief, 2007).The Japanese government has sent a senior foreign minister to Iran to inquire about the kidnapping of Satoshi Nakamura, a Japanese student, more than a month ago. The Iranian Government is ignoring Japan, forcing the Japanese minister to Pakistan to ask for help in this matter (Official release, 2007). This entrust only negatively affect Iranian-Japanese relations. Social Issues Twenty percent of Japans population is age sixty or older. At the same time, the country has had a declining birthrate for a few decades. The population of Japan peaked(p) in 2004 and started to decrease afterwards.The reasoning given is that that more women ar turning and they do not curb it necessary to have children. (Japan fertility, 2005). One blogger notes that women may be insecure about having children (Coco, 2006). The shortage of labour will force more older men to stay in the work force as well as force more women into the business world. Economic Issues Japans declining birthrate is a major concern for the Japanese economy. The country needs to maintain a healthy population to keep its economy strong this is proving very difficult (Atsumi, 2007).One fore foregathern problem of the low fertility rate is that the already suffering social indemnity fund could be crippled further (Japan fertility, 2005). The Tax Commission has found that taxes must be increase in order the finance the growing social welf are costs. People in Japan are purchasing portable technology, and the Japanese market is showing a sharp decline in get of home computers. With the high costs of home computers and the advances in technology could mean a shift in how people use and access the internet.The companies that produce home computers are now shifting their focus to the growth world (PCs, 2007). Social Organization Family Japanese families moved away from their traditional family structures after World War II when t he occupying American forces created a new, westerly, family ideology. The father still remains the head of most traditional families in Japan, but there are shifts in how a Japanese family is organized. Women, who would have remained at home to dispense the household affairs, are now obtaining employment outside of the household.Since more Japanese women are entering the workforce, the men are organism required to take on more of the household and child raising responsibilities (Long, 1994). some different change that has occurred in Japanese society is the idea of the multi-generation family living together. Although common at one time, many a(prenominal) elderly people are not living with their families anymore (Family, 2007). Roles of Men and Women Japan was traditional a male centered society. However, shortly after World War II women were legally given bear on rights as men. A great change came when women started to work outside the household.Companies in Japan were, and still are, direful for skilled workers, and with participation of women in the workforce, it helped companies fill their need for workers (Matsui, 2007). Workplace In the workplace, as in other areas of the Japanese collectivist culture, they view themselves as part of a group. Workers are expected to show the last loyalty to the firms they work for. Leadership in Japan is not based on a western values of assertiveness or quick decision making. A good leader in Japan is expected to take the interests of his subordinates into account and create consensus among the group.Seniority within a group is determined by age and length of service, rather than by individual effort and initiative (Genezberger et al. , 1996). Their system of group forethought rewards the team effort and rarely the individual. Often accomplishments are credited to the entire group and not the individual. Individuals are motivated to participate in group activities and maintain harmony. The pride of the indiv idual or the group is expressed through competition with similar groups in the company or other companies (Long, 1994). Proper Etiquette for Doing Business in JapanPerception of Westerners The Japanese have some common preconceived notions about Westerners. Japanese see Westerners as lacking patience, lots interrupting, and being bad listeners. They often see Westerners as being futile to work in teams. They may seeWestern expressions of friendship as insincere. Japanese may sometimes perceive Westerners as being selfish. Business Etiquette Protocol In Japanese culture personal space is highly respected, they are not a tactile people, and they dislike being crowded. In Japanese culture they try to vacate direct eye contact with other individuals.When yawning, coughing, or using a toothpick, they cover their mouths. The pointing of feet at some other person is considered to be rude, and is therefore key to sit with correct posture. Criticizing and disrespecting authority openl y, and being impatient are seen as disrespectful. In business, the personal relationships are off the beaten track(predicate) more important than the business itself. In order to do business with a company in Japan formal introductions, patience, flexibility, and respect are vital. Business wags are very important in Japanese business culture, and business people often carry many business cards.When meeting a business contact for the first time it is important to bow, or shake hands, then exchange business cards. When presenting or receiving a business card one is expected to use both hands and put it in a pocket, above the waist, after carefully reading it. For foreigners, it is common practice to have a Japanese translation on the back of the card (Genezberger et al. , 1996). Men and women are expected to wear are dark and expensive suits. Business women are promote to wear conservatively. Business meetings must be scheduled far in advanced.Before the meeting, Westerners should mail or fax a detailed list outlining what is to be discussed. One must establish relationships with middle and younger level managers or they may resent the person for having bypassed them and feel they have been insulted. When visiting a Japanese company it is customary to remove ones jacket immediately upon entering and putting it back on as soon as one leave. The leader of the group should introduce each of the group members in locomote order of rank. Visitors are to exchange business first with the Japanese executives and then with subordinates in descending order.In the Japanese culture there is an expectation of receiving a ease up at the first meeting. The presentation of the award can be as or more important that the actual gift itself. Gifts must be given with both hands, and are often rejected a few times before they are accepted. Gifts are not opened when they are received. Certain flowers or potted plants do not take hold suitable gifts because of the meaning the Japanese associate with them. It is recommended to inform that one informs they are giving a gift beforehand (Roberts. 2007). Socializing EatingJapanese extend their affinity to their groups by socializing outside of work (Long, 1996). Japanese men and women are considered heavy drinkers. Incorrect behaviour while drunk is often forgiven. In Japan it is not expected for one to leave a tip for their servers. In restaurants, where sitting on the group is required, is common practice for men to sit cross-legged and women to sit on their legs or with their legs reach to one side. Communication High context High context and low context are twain terms used to describe broad differences between cultures.High context cultures are those where the main aspects of the culture are vague and not explicit. Generally collective cultures tend to be high-context, where much of what is being give tongue to is non-verbal, and the level of understanding depends on your relationship with the other party. Japan is a prime example of a high context culture (Beer, 2003). Face Saving face means preserving your or someone elses dignity, self-respect, or good reputation. In cultures that are high-context face is a major characteristic. There are many ways that a person might cause the other individual to lose face.Derogatory remarks, reveling of personal inadequacy, or being forced to compromise a cherished value are ways in which face is broken (Face, 2007). Avoiding a loss of face generally means never saying no, and being politely evasive when conveying disagreement (Face, 2007). Greetings When conducting business in Japan, it is very important to know the decorous amount of respect owed to individuals. Japan has a very formal and ritualized culture. Bowing is the Japanese custom greeting. How far you bow depends on your relationship with the other individual (Genezberger et al. , 1996).If you were to be greeted for the first time in Japan, it is recommended that one waits to be introduced, since it can be seen as being rude to introduce oneself. Foreigners may be only expected to bow their head slightly or shake hands (Doing Business, 2007). Practical Considerations Immigration In an effort to counter terrorism, all foreigners will be finger printed and photographed when entering the country. Japan has an agreement with some countries where only passports are required to enter. Foreigner tourists are required to carry their passports at all times. A visa required if one plans on extending their stay over 90 days.It usually takes about two days to a week to obtain a Visa, depending on the situation at the embassy you are applying. A single visa costs 3000 yen to obtain. Certain countries have exemptions from paying fees. (A Guide, 2007). Travel When traveling in Japan it is recommended that one does not travel long distances, because of cost. However, traveling long distance one can travel by train, highway bus, airplane, or long distances ferries. Rent ing a car is another scuttle for travel. Accommodations For single travelers the prices of hotel rooms will vary depending on the travelers budget.The price range for low-budget business hotels would cost between 3,500 and 7,000 yen per day. For more expensive business hotels, or Western entitle hotels the prices can be from 7,000 yen and above. Adaptation and Survival Public washrooms rarely have toilet paper, so one should bring their own. It is important to ask for a toi, short for toilet, not a bathroom, otherwise one may be directed to a room for bathing. When traveling, it is polite to store your backpack or luggage out of the way of other travelers (Haslam, 2002). Heath Emergencies All households are required to have a survival of the fittest kit in case of an earthquake. Japan Travel, 2007). English speaking hospitals and services may not be covered by Japanese national health insurance, and could end up costing visitors money (Rogers, 1994). finding Japan is a very c ollectivist culture and it very apparently in everyday business dealings. To a Western business person business protocol and etiquette may seem very unusual. It is important to understand that their traditions and customs are deeply rooted in their history. However, Japanese people view Western business practices just as unusual, but they are very accommodating to foreign business people. References

E-Business Essay Example for Free

E-Business EssaySupply chain circumspection is a battery of procedures that involve planning, executing and organizing the operations of a emerge chain (Haag et al. , 2006). such cluster of procedures covers totally activities of a company, including management of raw materials, inventory and final products at both the point-of-origin and point-of-consumption. Supply chain management requires the modification of management from an individual-based level of performance to an integration of operations as key processes in the supply chain. One simple example involves the placement of purchase orders by the purchasing department of the company. This is then linked by the communication of the marketing department with particular distributors and retailers. Such efforts in integrating several processes in order to maximize and speed up a general process may result in an extremely efficient company. The integration of the financing technology and supplier outreach services facilita tes reduction in expectant requirements and finance costs associated with the clients (Kemp, 2006). The reduction in requirements and costs is attained through the help of the supply chains, which permits retailers and suppliers to interpret with the website and interactive with the supply chain system.Such technological innovation of doing e-business helps them track down the payments of any transactions completed or still in progress (Timmers, 2000). In addition, suppliers and buyers are able to work in partnership to settle the final price and this is usually done through the receipt of credit memoranda. Such setting facilitates a faster process of trading. The integration of operations enhances the relationship between the supplier and the buyer, disregardless of employment, gender and physical backgrounds.

The Omnivore’s Dilemma Essay Example for Free

The Omnivores Dilemma EssayThis book by Michael Pollan wishes to illustrate to the readers several(prenominal) eat dilemmas that we humans experience. Since we atomic number 18 considered as omnivores, we basically could eat anything, from meat, vegetables, to processed foods. Because of this we argon set about with the task of choice, what we should eat, how much we should eat, when we should eat it. This book wishes to address the eating line of work that the society experiences today. This book tackles the complexity of us humans, wherein the choice that we make when it comes to our meals tells us what kind of person we are. What makes the situation more difficult is that we are faced with various choices with the advent of technology and advancements in agriculture. This book tackles the sad reality of the American diet, wherein nearly Americans are said to be dysfunctional eaters, as a result of a fast-paced lifestyle. For people on the go, fast foods is a convenient source of their meals, thus creating a fast food diet for most of the Americans. This was, according to Pollans diagnosis, was the national eating dis rate, wherein the abundance of the attainable food sources becomes a problem.Because of this abundance, people a good deal make the mistake of choosing the inappropriate meal for him (Hutson, 2006). Unlike former(a) animals, man has a roach of choices. The native bear for example, has no problem in choosing what to eat because it only nibbles on eucalyptus leaves. As for humans, we could eat meat, vegetables, fruits, and other foods. We cant eat all of these foods at once, thats why we have to make a choice on what to put in our stomach. Mixing this dilemma with the lifestyle of the modern man a great deal leads to choosing the wrong set of meals.Time is of the essence for most of us, wherein we choose to spend more snip running(a) than concentrating on what to cook, what would be healthy, nutritious or delicious. We often rely on fast foods like McDonalds for our meals. simply eating fastfood doesnt mean eating the right food (Kamp, 2006). Pollan has given emphasis on the triplet principal food chains that we humans usually engage in. These include the Industrial, Organic and Hunter/ accumulator register meals. Industrial. The Industrial types are those who thrive on corn. They usually have corn on their diet, whether or not they are aware of it.These people are usually those who live on fast foods. Corn binds the intellect meat of the McNuggets, and used as sweetener for soft drinks and sodas. It is likewise used to obtain fat, plump meats for your meals. When you are an industrial type, you are considered to be as partially fossil fuel, because of the fact that corn requires a lot of nitrogen from the soil and is usually cultivated with fertilizer in order to get the necessary amounts of nitrogen. It is also an effective food supplement for the cows, wherein theyre supposed to eat grass.Organic. A nother type is the Organic eater, which are mainly made up of grass. These are the ones who eat mostly vegetables in their diets. But then the problem that arises with this was the transportation of these goods. Transportation entails large costs wherein we are spending much not for the food alone but for the shipping expenses. This is impractical albeit nutritious, that is why it is advisable to grow organics in your own backyards, which is impossible for those spirit urban lives. Hunter/Gatherer.Another menu was the hunter/gatherer, wherein it consists of ingredients that came from animals shot dead or foraged. This tackles the constraints of taking outside(a) the lives of animals in order to feed and suppress your hunger. The book presented these facts to a reader in a conversational-persuasive manner. He wishes to impart to the readers the various eating patterns that we are presently observing and the underlying consequences it has to offer. This book tells us of the eating h abit or pattern that has resulted through the years and then supplies the downside of every concept.This is a fair congressman of the real situation that we are facing straightway. Taking for example its take on the Industrial foods, it luxuriant the culprit of the fattening of the American population which was the corn. It showed the readers where corn might be in their diets, and then gave the possible disconfirming effects it poses. It also showed that it is a cheap source of calories. But at the latter part, he also emphasized that it has major contributions on the fattening of the people, leading to obesity (Alter, 2006).This book is significant to the readers because it promotes awareness. It gives us the fair share of knowing what were eating. It is like deconstructing our meals, looking closely at its compositions and ingredients, analyzing the positive and negative effects it could bring to the human body. Awareness is a step in which everyone could take in order to liv e a healthy life. This book doesnt impose what to eat it merely suggests or shows what could be the underlying effects the meals we are eating could bring us.This book is a clear illustration of what could be the most important things that we often disregard or neglect when it comes to our meals. This is essential for our well being, especially now that the we are living in a fast-paced world, wherein we dont have the luxury of time to eat and decide what we should intake. Most of us could learn a lot of new things in this book, and this is extremely recommended to all readers, not only for those who are concerned with their health, but also to those who value every looking of their lives.References Alter, L. (2006). Book Review The Omnivores Dilemma. Retrieved March 8, 2007, from http//www. treehugger. com/files/2006/05/book_review_the_1. php Hutson, S. (2006). Michael Pollan. Retrieved March 8, 2007, from http//www. michaelpollan. com/omnivore. php Kamp, D. (2006). Deconstructin g Dinner. Retrieved March 8, 2007, from http//www. nytimes. com/2006/04/23/books/review/23kamp. html? ex=1303444800en=3c0958f57a4112b7ei=5088partner=rssnytemc=rss

Received controllable shocks Essay Example for Free

Received controllable shocks EssayThey both said that the extent of a persons social network and their perceived sense of halt ar positively linked. The role of control in the perception of line besides plays a part. A sense of control reduces the extent to which a situation may be experienced stressful. It has been suggested that control affects the resistive system. Laudenslager et al. (1983) showed direct effects on the immune system.He used rats that were placed in three groups, wiz received controllable shocks, the second group were a yoked control (received the same shocks as the first rat, alone they had no direct control over the shocks), a third group received no shocks. alone the rats were injected with cancer cells. Laudenslager found that 65% of the controlled shock group rejected the cancer cells, comp bed with only 27% of the yoked controlled and 55% of the no-shock group. His study suggests that control is important to the functioning of the immune system .Psychological approaches have also been applied in anger management courses since anger has been found to increase vulnerability to heart disease. B) Asses the strengths and weaknesses of two biological approaches (6) one biological approach is biofeedback. It is a technique to learn how to control involuntary muscles, or voluntary muscles that are non normally controlled, such as blood pressure and heart rate. The aim of it is to reduce autonomic nervous system activity and therefore the bodily sensations associated with stress. In lick this will reduce the consequent effects of stress in terms of illness.An individual is attached to a monitor that produces feedback about some physiological activity. (E. g. The mechanism would produce an auditory or visual signal to indicate weather an individuals heart rate is excessively high or about right. ) These machines provide all different feedback to the patient, who is then taught techniques to reduce the levels. (Such as balance training. ) This means that physiological activity is brought under control. The key thing is that physiological activities are ones we wouldnt usually be able to control.Biofeedback has been shown to produce short and long-term reductions in heart rate, blood pressure, skin temperature, and brain-wave rhythms. Biofeedback training does raiment into three main stages developing an awareness of the particular physiological response (e. g. heart rate), learning ship canal of controlling that physiological response in quiet conditions. This can include providing rewards for successful control in addition to feedback. Then transferring that control into the conditions of everyday life. Dworkin and Dworkin (1988) did a study with teenagers who were suffering from curvature of the spine (scoliosis).The teenagers successfully used biofeedback techniques to learn how to control the muscles of their spine and thus alter the posture and overcome the disorder. Another biological approach is A nti-anxiety drugs. The body produces chemicals (hormones) that create anxiety. This can be countered using other chemicals (i. e. drugs) that reduce anxiety. There are several different types of drugs that all work differently. Barbiturates are depressants of the central nervous system, and long-acting barbiturates are efficient in cut anxiety. However, they do have various side effects.They can create problems of concentration, lack of coordination, and heavyset speech. They also tend to be addictive. Anxious patients who stop taking barbiturates report numerous symptoms such as delirium, irritability, and increased sweating. The problems with them led them to be replaced by benzodiazepines in the 1960s. These are the most used anti-anxiety drugs, such as Valium and Librium. They promote GABA, the bodys natural relief of anxiety relief which reduces serotonin levels, which will in turn reduce arousal. Although, they are very effective and used by millions of people, they also ha ve some of uncalled-for side effects.They often have sedative effects, and can make people feel drowsy. They can also cause cognitive and memory impairments, they sometimes lead to feelings of depression. Also, many people become dependent on benzodiazepines, and find it very hard to stop taking them. Sudden removal of benzodiazepines can lead to a return of the initial symptoms of intense stress and anxiety. Ants-anxiety drugs can be very effective at reducing feelings of stress. However, they do not address the problems that are causing stress. They help cope with stress but not to manage it.

Private military contractors Essay Example for Free

reclusive sol discoverry contractors EssayIntroduction Private force contractors, also known as personal tribute contractors provide a number of different work for the UN force in Iraq. Various services include the preparation of meals, navigating army supply vehicles, army teaching and security for US get throughicials. Some toffee-nosed forces contractors also provide interrogation and translating services for the US military.Contractors providing this service in particualr have been suspected of a number of human rights ill-uses at the Abu Ghraid Prison. Other activities by private military contractors have raised issues about add-on c hotshotrns and the abuse of womrens rights. There atomic number 18 currently at least 100 private military contractors in Iraq.1 This discussion looks at the curious function of private military companies in Iraq and examines their impact on the rights of women.Private Military Companies in Iraq The US military and the State Dep artment spends billions of dollars on private security contractors in Iraq.2 These contractors according to the Washington location arOut of public view, have been engaged in a parallel surge, boosting manpower, adding expensive armor and stepping up evasive action as attacks increase.3 The primary goal is to offset chronic troop dearth and the number of invidual contractors are between 20,000 and 30,000.4 David Isenberg in a report by the British American security system Information Council published on September 4, 2004 maintains that it is impossible to accurately account for the number of private military companies currently in Iraq. This is because only PMCs whose contracts exceed $50 million are required to be reported to Congress.5 Isenberg complains that the legal status of private military companies is especially problematic since there is no sure provision in contradictory law to account for their role and definition.6 While many view the private military effect a s mercenaries, they do non fit the definition of mercenry within the meaning of the geneva Convention.7 Article 47 describes a mercenary as an idividual who takes part in military combat and is not a national andis motivated to take part in the hostilities essentially by the desire for private gain and, in point, is promised, by or on behalf of a Party to the conflict, material compensation comfortably in excess of that promised or paid to combatants of similar ranks and functions in the armed forces of that Party.8 James Conachy however, refers to these private military force as modern-day mercenaries.9 Conachy aligns their physical front end with their abstract presence. While they are by and lifesize not subjected to transparency and legal accountability in the traditional sense they operate out of constant and from unmarked vehicles.10 They go about their business in this manner while manning roadblocks, or stalking outstide building, with appliance guns.11 As a result, the private militaray presence in Iraq has become an ubiquitous and offensive symbol of the US occupation.12 Conachy maintains that the need for private military presence in Iraq is obviated by the bredth of US military deployment overseas avocation the September 11 terrorist attacks. Without the use of private military companies the US would be compelled to send more phalanx to Iraq from an already depleted armed force or would have to seriously consider reviving the military draft.13 It is obvious from this assessment of the single purpose of the private military that distinguishes them from the Article 47 definition of mercenary. Mercenaries are not aligned to a paritcular party and obviously the private military contractors are aligned to the US and are used to facilitate the US militarys shortfall. The following description of private military duties takes them well outside of Article 47s definition of mercenaryFar more than in any other conflict in United States history, the Pentagon is relying on private security companies to perform of import jobs once entrusted to the military.14It is clear that private military companies are not in actual combat. Mercernaries, according to the geneva Convetions are actively fighting . humankind Rights Concern and Women In an article published in the Guardian, Luke Harding explains that the exuberant extent of abuse toward women by all sectors of the military in Iraq will not be full known. This is primarily because Islamic women rarely discuss violations of a sexual nature. disgrace, Harding maintains is a symbol of shame in the muslim cosmos and victims can be scratch offed to salvage family honour.15 The most shocking incidents of abusive treatment of women bulge from the Abu Ghraib jail which was primarily manned by private military personnel.16 Accroding to Patrap Chatterjee the private militarys role at the Abu Ghraib jail was one of interrogation which brought them into more frequent contact with the ca ptives than other jail personnel.17 The International Committee of the Red Cross reported that in October 2003 there were approximately thirty pistillate person captives in the Abu Ghraib jail.18 According to prison personnel, that number was reduced to five by May of 2004.19 The Internation League for Peace and freedom had documented some eye witness accounts of abuse at the Abu Ghraid jail. One such account was inclined to Iman Khamas who heads the International Occupation Watch Center, a private organization that collects anti-human rights information. The account came from a former prisoner who told Khamas of a transport incident at the jail. Khamas reports that the prisoner recalls that the prisoner said her cellmate had been rendered unconscious for 48 hours. She claimed she had been raped 17 times in one day by Iraqi police in the presence of American spends.20 Another report originated from Mohammed Daham al-Mohammed who heads an Iraqi group, the Union of Detainees an d Prisoners. According to a-Mohammed he was informed of a get under ones skin of four who had been arrested in December of 2003 and killed herself after being raped by US guards who forced her economise to watch while incarcerated at the Abu Ghraib jail.21 According to the adult females sister the rape victim attached suicide.22 The victim had told her sister of incidents of physical abuse outside of the rape. In one account she recalled a American male pulling her by the hair and forcing her to look at her husband while the American took off her clothing. After this incident the rape took place. Once released, the woman was afraid to face her husband since he had witnessed the rape and asked her sister to help her commit suicide.23 A former male prisoner reported incidents where women were constantly take away from their cells to private rooms. The prisoner explainsThey had to pass in front of our tent and cried out, Find a way to kill us.24Human Rights groups explain that rap e for a Muslim woman shames the entire family which is why these women would rather die having suffered a rape.25 Khamas recalls an incident in which she visited a woman at the Abu Ghraid jail and a female prisoner told her about a rape, but whispered in her ear despite the fact that no one else was present.26 Khamas, Mohommed and Hoda Nuaimi, a professor in politics at Baghdad University report thatthree young farming(prenominal) women from the Sunni Muslim region of Al-Anbar, west of Baghdad, had been killed by their families after coming out of Abu Ghraib pregnant.Nuaimi said that in the pillow slip of another such woman, who was four months pregnant, her brother had been reluctant to kill his sister because he considered her a victim.27 Luke Harding reports that the premier information about abuse of female victims at the Abu Ghraib jail, a US facility first came to flow by a brand smuggled out of the prison by a female prisoner.28 In the note the woman claimed that women w ere being raped by US personnel and many of them had become pregnant. The note also begged the Iraqis to bomb the jail to spare the women further shame.29 Swadi, a female lawyer among seven representing the female detainees indicated that the abuse was not limited to the Abu Ghraib jail and was happening all over Iraq.30 The shame associated with rape and the minute for family disgrace were evident in the following account from a female prisoner at al-Kharkh, a US military baseShe was the only woman who would talk about her case. She was crying. She told us she had been raped some(prenominal) American soldiers had raped her. She had tried to fight them off and they had hurt her arm. She showed us the stitches. She told us, We have daughters and husbands. For Gods sake dont prescribe anyone about this.31 Luke Harding also reports that an investigation conducted by the US Military which was headed by Major General Antonio Taguba sustain the contents of the note smuggled out of the Abu Ghraib facility. Moreover, digital photographs, according to Tajubas findings also depitcted US personnel engaging in sexual contact with and Iraqi woman.32 Tajubas investigation also found videotapes of nude painting female prisoners.33 There are additional photographs of Iraqi women being forced at gun prognosticate to bare their breasts.34 While these photographs have been relased to Congress they have not been released to the public.35 In May of 2004an Iraqi woman in her 70s had been harnessed and ridden like a donkey at Abu Ghraib and another coalition detention focalise after being arrested last July.36UK Labor Member of Parliament Ann Clwyd investigated the incident and confirmed that it was in fact true. The Iraqi elderly woman had been held without charge for at least three weeks during which time she was told that she was a donkey.37 Luke Harding explains the withering consequences for female rape victims which only accentuates the abuse involved. According to Hard ingHonour killings are not unusual in Islamic society, where rape is often equated with shame and where the stigma of being raped by an American soldier would, according to one Islamic cleric, be unbearable. The prospects for rape victims in Iraq are grave it is hardly strike that no women have so far come forward to talk about their experiences in US-run jails where abuse was rife until early January.38 At the time of writing, Harding describes another incident of physical and mental abuse agianst female detainees in Iraq in which the private military personnel are activiely involved. Five women, according to Harding were being held in solitary confinement in cells measuring just 2.5 meters in length and 1.5 meters in width at Abu Ghraib.39 Captain Dave Quantock who was then in charge of the prisoners at Abu Ghraib told journalists that all female prisoners at Abu Ghraib are unploughed in solitary confinement for 23 hours a day.40 The only entertainment the women are allowed is a ccess to the Koran.41 riddle surrounds the grounds upon which the five females in solitary confinement are held. The general term used is that they are held as security detainees.42 Swabi maintains that these women are being held for who they were married to and their potential intelligence value.43 Be that as it may, the stratum of abusse cannot be justified. Under both US and International laws the cruel and inhuman treatement of prisoners at anytime is unlawful. International humanitarian laws contained in the Geneva Conventions 1949 of which the United States ratified since 1955 requires that during times of war and peace all prisoners are to be treated humanly.44 More over the Geneva Convention IV specifically prohibits rape and indecent invade on women. Article 27 provides as followsWomen shall be especially protected against any attack on their honour, in particular against rape, enforced prostitutiOn, or any form of indecent assault.45 Judicth Gail Gardam and Hillary Char lesworth argue that women have ceaselessly been at risk of force-out in armed conflict. Although the emphasis has always been on sexual violence there have been other forms of violence against women. Gardam and Charlesworth note that the 1995 Beijing Platform for Action called for political sciences worldwide to be out plans for combattingthe effects of armed or other kind of conflict on women, including those living under foreign occupation.46The Iraqi conflict and occupation and the violence against women is therefore nothing new. What is perhaps more affect is the fact that it could happen in light of outside(a) laws and attention to violence against women in the past.Conclusion An satire arises out of these reports. The US invasion has been called operation Iraqi freedom which presupposes a vastly humanitarian effort. to that extent in the course of fighting for Iraqi freedom, those sent to fight for the cause have added to the problem. Roger Normand alleges that the US p ersonnel in Iraq areviolating almost every law intended to protect civilians living under foreign military occupation.47While many of these crimes are being committed by private military companies, the world at large and the Iraqi populace draw no distinction between the US soldiers and the security companies employed by them to help the cause.The private military and security personnel are agents of the US government and as such the US government is vicariosuly liable for the misconduct of the private miliatary contractors. As long as they are permitted to continue working with and for the military and as long as they continue to violate international law particularly article 27 of the fourth Geneva Convention, the US must take responsibility for the ills committed by them. They cannot take the benefit without the burden.BibliographyCenter for Economic and Social Rights.(n.d.) New Report Documents elongated U.S. War Crimes In Iraq. Available online at http//www.ccmep.org/2004_art icles/iraq/061104_CESR.htm Retrieved December 11 2007Chatterjee, Pratap. (May 12, 2004) Private Contractors and Torture at Abu Ghraib, Iraq. res publica Now. Available online at http//www.democracynow.org/2004/5/12/private_contractors_and_torture_at_abu Retrieved December 11, 2007Conachy, Jamers. (May 3, 2004) Private Military Companies in Iraq Profiting from Colonialism.International delegacy of the Fourth Amendment. Available online at http//www.wsws.org/articles/2004/may2004/pmcs-m03.shtml Retrienved December 11, 2007Fainaru, Steve. (June 16, 2007) Iraq Contractors Face Growing Parallel War As guarantor Work Increase, So do Casualties. Washington PostGardam, Judith, Gail and Charlesworth, Hillary. (Feb. 2000) Protection of Women in Armed Conflict. Human Rights Quarterly Vol. 22 No. 1 pp 148-166Geneva ConventionHarding, Luke. (May 12, 2004) Focus Shifts to Jail Abuse of Women. The Guardian.Harding, Luke. (May 20, 2004) Rape in Iraq The other prisoners. The Guardian.Isenberg, Da vid. (Sept. 4, 2004) A Fistful of Contractors A Case For a Pragmatic Assessment of Private Military Companies in Iraq. British American Security Information Council, Research Report.Kabbara, Rouba. (May, 29, 2004) Human Rights Groups Iraqi Women Raoed at Abu Ghraib Jail. Peace Women Available online at http//www.peacewomen.org/news/Iraq/May04/Women%20in%20Prison.html Retrieved Deember 10 2007